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Microfiche 

Series. 


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Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Inrttituta  for  Hiatorical  Microraproductiona  /  Inatitut  Canadian  da  microraproductiona  hiatoriquaa 


Technical  and  Bibliogr^nhic  Notaa/Notas  tachniquaa  at  bibliographiquaa 


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Tha  Instituta  has  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  bast 
original  copy  avaiiabia  for  fiiming.  Faaturas  of  this 
copy  which  may  ba  bibiiographicaliy  uniqua, 
wliich  may  aitar  any  of  tha  imagas  in  tha 
raproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  changa 
tha  usual  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chackad  balow. 


D 


D 
D 


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Coiourad  covers/ 
Couvartura  da  coulaur 


I     I   Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagAo 

Covers  restored  and/or  iaminsted/ 
Couvartura  rastaurte  et/ou  peliiculAe 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartas  giographiquas  en  couleur 


□   Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encra  da  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

I     I   Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


a 


Planches  et/ou  illuatrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  ot.ier  material/ 
RaliA  avac  d'autras  documanta 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  diatortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

Lareliura  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  la  long  da  la  marge  IntArieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  tha  text.  Whenever  poasible,  theae 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  p»jges  blanchaa  ajoutiaa 
lore  d'une  restauration  apparaiaaant  dana  le  taxte. 
mais,  lorsqua  ceia  Atait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  it4  filmtea. 

Additional  commanta:/ 
Commentairea  supplimantaires; 


L'Institut  a  microf iimA  le  meilleur  exemplaira 
qu'il  lui  a  it4  possible  de  se  procurer.  Lee  d*tails 
da  cat  exemplaira  qui  sent  paut-Atre  unlquea  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographiqua,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite.  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dana  la  mAthodo  normale  de  filmaga 
sont  indiqute  ci*dessous. 


D 
D 
D 
EZI 
D 
0 
D 
D 
D 
D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pr^ges  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagias 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurAas  et/ou  peilicultea 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  dtcolortes,  tachat^ea  ou  piquAas 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  dAtachAes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  variaa/ 
Quality  inAgala  de  I'lmpreasion 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprand  du  material  aupplAmentaire 

Only  odition  available/ 
Seule  Mition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obacurad  by  errata 
slips,  tissuaa,  etc.,  have  bean  refilmed  io 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Lea  pages  totalament  ou  partiallement 
obacurcies  par  un  fauillet  d'errata,  una  pelure. 
etc.,  ont  Ati  filmAea  A  nouvenu  de  fa9on  A 
obtanir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


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This  item  is  filmed  at  tha  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  eat  film*  au  taux  de  rMuction  indk|u*  ci-daaaoua. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


28X 


30X 


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12X 


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TIm  copy  f llmod  h«r«  has  been  r«i>rocluoMl  thanks 
tp  tha  ganarosHy  of: 

Library. 

QaologiMi  Survay  of  dnada 


L'axamplaira  f ilmA  f ut  raproduit  grAca  h  la 
ginArosit*  da: 

Bibliotii4qu«, 

Commisiion  Giologiqut  du  Canada 


Tha  imagas  appaaring  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
posslbia  considaring  tha  condition  and  lagibllity 
of  tha  original  copy  and  In  kaaplng  with  tha 
filming  contract  spacif ications. 


Original  copias  in  printad  papar  covars  ara  flimad 
baglnning  with  tha  front  covar  and  anding  on 
tha  last  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  Impras- 
sion,  or  tha  back  covar  whan  appropriata.  All 
othar  original  copias  ara  flimad  baglnning  on  tha 
first  paga  with  a  printad  or  illustratad  Impras- 
slon,  and  anding  on  tha  last  paga  with  a  printad 
or  illustratad  Imprassion. 


Tha  last  racordad  frama  on  aach  microficha 
shall  contain  tha  symbol  — «»>  (moaning  "CON- 
TINUED '),  or  tha  symbol  V  (moaning  "END"), 
whichavar  applias. 


Las  imagas  suivantas  ont  AtA  raproduitas  avac  la 
plus  grand  soin,  compta  tanu  da  la  condition  at 
da  la  nattat*  da  l'axamplaira  film«,  at  an 
conformiti  avac  las  conditions  du  contrat  da 
fllmaga. 

Las  axamplairas  originaux  dont  la  couvartura  an 
papiar  ast  imprimto  sont  fiimte  an  commanpant 
par  la  pramiar  plat  at  an  tarminant  soit  par  im 
darnlAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'imprassion  ou  d'illustration.  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  la  cas.  Tous  lat.  autras  axamplairas 
originaux  sont  filmte  an  commanpant  par  la 
prami4ra  pagw  ^ul  comporta  una  amprainta 
d'imprassion  ou  d'iilustratlon  at  an  tarminant  par 
la  darnlAra  paga  qui  comporta  una  talla 
amprainta. 

Un  das  symbolas  suivants  apparattra  sur  la 
darnlAra  imaga  da  chaqua  microficha,  salon  la 
cas:  la  symbola  — ►  signifia  "A  SUIVRE",  la 
symbols  ▼  signifia  "FIN". 


IVIaps,  pisitas,  charts,  ate,  may  ba  flimad  at 
diffarant  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  larga  to  ba 
antirahf  inciudad  in  ona  axposura  ara  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


iM»  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
fiimte  A  des  taux  da  rAduction  diff Arents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  soul  clichA,  11  est  fllmA  A  partir 
da  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  do  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  an  baa,  en  prenant  la  nombre 
d'imagas  nAcessaire.  Las  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrant  la  mAthode.  -> 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

SEFASTMENT  OF  THE  INTERIOB^U.  8.  OEOLOOIOAL  8DBVET 
J.  W.  POWELL  DIRECTOR 


^   REV 


or  TRB 


NON-MARINE  FOSSIL  MOLLUSCA 


OK 


NORTH   AMERICA 


BY 


CHARLES  A.  A^VHITE 


ElTBACT  FBOM  THB  ANNUAL  RRPORT  OF  THR  DiRRCTOR  OF  THR  V,  S.  GROLOOICAL  SURVRT— 1861-83 


I         1    I  t '     1  •        '    >     '  • 
t         >   )      '    I     I     I  -  >    «   • 

••:  »  .  *  .         ..'.1 


6478 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PBINTINO  OFFICE 

1883 


•  •  •       «  I 


CONTENTS. 


P»po. 

Letter  of  traiiBinittnl 11 

Introduciory  remarks <> 

Annotated  and  ilhmtrated  catalo);iie 14 

Conchifera 14 

Ustreidie 14 

Anomiidie 15 

Mytilidie 17 

Uiiionidio 18 

Cy  renidie 29 

Pisidiidie 34 

Corbulidn) 'Vi 

Gasteropoda 37 

Auricnlidiu 37 

Lininii'idin 38 

riiymdin 43 

Aucyliuaj 45 

Vitrinidiu 46 

Ari<jijidin . . . , 46 

Hclicidat 47 

Piipidm 49 

Succiiiidip 51 

Ncritidn' 51 

Cerithidiu 53 

Mt'laniidiP 53 

Cvriphasiidii^ 56 

Ri88oidiT> 59 

Vi  viparidiu 60 

Val  vatidiB 64 

Tabular  view  of  the  non-marino  fossil  mollusca  of  North  America 66 

Spurious  and  doubtful  species 72 

General  discussion 73 

III 


^^^^7 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Plate  1.  Dev.iiiiflii HS 

a.  CarboiiiferoiiH 84 

!J.  .JurnsHJe  nnd  TriiiHHic  1 H«5 

4.  Cretacooiis 88 

Ti.  Crctat'ooiiH UO 

0.  Boar  River,  Laramie 92 

7.  Bear  HIvim',  Laraiiiif 94 

8.  Hoar  Ki vor,  Lnramio 96 

9.  Larainio 98 

10.  Laramie 100 

11.  Laramie 102 

12.  Laramio 104 

13.  Laramio 106 

14.  Laramio 108 

15.  Laramio 110 

16.  Laramio 112 

17.  Laramio 114 

18.  Laramie 116 

19.  Laramio 119 

20.  Laramio 120 

21.  Laramie 122 

22.  Laramio 124 

23.  Laramie 126 

24.  Laramio 128 

25.  Laramie 130 

26.  Laramio 132 

27.  Laramie 134 

28.  Eocene 136 

2i».  Kocene 138 

30.  Kocene 140 

31.  Eocene 142 

32.  Miocene  and  Pliocene? 144 

IV 


i 


IJETTEB  OF  TBAXSMITTAIi. 


Sin:  In  at!coi(liiii«;e  with  your  ri'<iiii'st  tliat  I  slioiild  ]>ivi)iii('  an  arti- 
cle ioryonr  annual  report  upon  a  subicct  wiiicii  has  lor  sonu-  years  been 
enpi^iiu};'  my  attt-ntiou,  1  liave  the  honor  to  submit  herewith  tiie  Ibllow 
in},',  whieh  I  have  entifleii  "A  Heview  of  the  Non-Marine   I'ossil  Mol- 
hisea  of  NortJi  Anieriea." 

In  thejueparation  of  this  artielc  I- have  endeavored  as  fully  as  prac- 
tieabie  to  follow  your  su«}jestion,  that  it  should  be  as  free  from  teehni- 
eal  foruis  and  methods  as  the  nature  of  the  sid)je(!t  will  allow.  I  hav(^ 
therefore  endeav(ued  to  address  the  general  reader  rather  than  the  s])e. 
eial  investigator;  but  I  have  Riven  copious  references  in  the  form  of 
foot  notes,  so  that  those  who  wish  to  |iursue  the  subject  further  luay 
readily  refer  to  nearly  all  that  has  been  i)ublished  upon  it  in  Anuuica. 

Your  recognition  of  the  fact  that  there  is  a  natural  and  {,'rowiiij,' 
<lesire  on  the  jtart  of  iutellificnt  readers  to  know  somethinf,'  of  tlie  (n>n- 
logical  history  of  the  |»redecessors  of  the  uiiiunils  with  which  they  are 
more  oi'  less  faudliar,  or  which  are  fiequently  r(^ferred  to  in  the  books 
they  lead,  would  be  expec^ted  l»y  those  who  are  familiar  with  the  grajthic 
style  of  your  own  writings;  and  your  wish  to  gratify  that  desire  is  too 
obviously  correct  to  make  any  explanation  or  apology  )»roper  on  the 
l)art  of  a  s|H'<!ialist  who  nuiy  be  called  upon  to  comnuinicate  with  the 
jtublic  in  the  form  pro]>ose<l  by  you. 

In  the  seIe<'tion  of  a  subject,  I  have  chosen  one  which,  although 
primarily  based  upon  molluscan  .species  which  are  all  extinct,  embraces 
the  consideration  of,  or  reference  to.  living  forms,  congeners  of  those 
which  have  ceased  to  exist,  that  are  seattered  over  all  parts  of  the 
country.  It  is,  therefore,  a  subject  which  a  far  greater  number  of  per- 
sons will  Hnd  of  ready  application  within  their  every  day  I'xperience 
than  many  others  which  the  wide  range  of  paleontology  might  furnish. 
In  illustrating  this  subject  on  the  accomi)anying  plates,  I  have  in  each 
case  selected  such  figures  (which  arc  in  part  copies  of  illustrations 
already  published  by  various  authors,  but  largely  newly  drawn  from  the 
type-specimens  of  the  various  species)  as  would  exhibit  the  form,  and 
such  features  of  the  objects,  respectively,  as  strike  the  eye  of  the  ordinary 
observer,  omitting,  in  many  cases  at  least,  those  details  of  structure 
which  more  especially  engage  the  atteution  of  the  special  investigator. 


4  LETTKR    OF    TK/VN8MITTAI.. 

Whih-  lli.^  H.ateiial  uim.ii  wliich  tlu^  piTHi'iit  stutcmonts  un<l  dinnis- 
M,„,s  ,110  l.aM.,1  is  in  ...any  msp.-Hs  vry  inoo.ni.K.lo,  it  is  ...•v...tiu'l.Hs 
..xt.TiHolv  su-K.'stivi'  aiuJ  ii.stnu'tiv.',  aiul  a  Ui.owl.'.l-r  ol  .1  is  s.iiv  to 
;,  wali.-n  a  stn.t.},'  infivst  in  fiUuiv  lal.ors  ii.  tlu'  san...  ti..|.l  ti.at  lias  iM.-n 

liiiillnidfllu'scn'snlts.  

\  uiamiilv  ..r  tl..'  iil»sliati..i.s  arnHni.an.vu.;:  tins  a.lK'l.-  la  <  1h'>i 
.Iravv.,  .li.vHlv  Iron.  sp.Tinu.ns  in  ti..  Inito.l  Stafs  National  Mns.n.n, 
pmnission  In.'vin;^  lu-rn  kin.lly  ^ivH.  to  .lo  so  h,v  ITof.ssor  h,K.nm-  ■ . 
Hainl,  tlu>  DirtM-tor  of  tlu-  nn.s..n.«.  A  la.p-  part  ol  11.0  sp.rnm'ns  tUns 
„si-d  an.  tl...  original  typ.-s  oltl..-  siu-H.-s  wl.l.l.  a.v  illnsl.at.Hl. 

Tlu"  diawin^is  l.av.'  Lfcn  ...ad."  with  |.i'n  and  n.k  by  Dr.  .1.  <_•  :^1««  <  >'- 
,,,.11,  of  Washington,  and  th.'y  hav  Im-n  rcprmhuTd  by  the  photo- 
on/'uvinj,'  process. 

Very  respectfully,  ^   ^   WHITE. 

Hon.  John  W.  Powkll, 

Director  of  the  United  States  Geological  Survey. 


T 


A  REVIEW  OF  THE  NONMARINE  FOSSIL  MOLLUSCA 
OF  NOKTH  AMERICA. 


By  0.  A.  White,  M.  D. 


iNTRcmurTouv  remarks. 

In  this  iirticln  I  jiropoNv  to  r«vit'w  the  |)riiu;i|)iil  known  facts  concern- 
iuii  the  fossil  fri'sli  water,  briicUish-wiitcr,  and  hind  niolUisca  of  North 
America,  takiii);  n])  each  family  in  theorder  of  systcniati*!  dassilication, 
and  tracing  the  history  of  its  occnrrence,  so  far  as  it  has  been  learned, 
from  the  earliest  known  appearance  of  any  of  its  species  within  the 
present  limits  of  North  America  nntil  the  present  time;  and  to  follow 
the  same  with  some  general  discnssion  of  certain  questions  that  are  suff 
ycsted  by  the  fa<!ts  thus  set  forth.  For  the  purpose  of  {j'vinji  an  ap- 
proximately (!hronolo{,ncal  view  of  the  ditfcrent  faume  the  flj;nres  are 
arranged  on  the  plates  under  headings  that  indicate  the  successive  gco 
logical  i»eriods  to  which  they  belong.  The  jilan  i)roposed  involves  at 
least  brief  mention  (»f  every  si»ecies  of  non-marine  fossil  moIlus<ra  yet  (lis 
covered  in  North  America,  and  the  illustration  of  nearly  all  of  them  by  lig 
ures,  which  show  their  external  form  and  leading  features,  so  far  as  they 
are  known.  To  avoid  fre(pu>nt  repetition,  it  is  mentioned  lieie  that  all 
statements  nnide  in  this  article  in  regard  to  the  range  of  families  and 
genera  in  time,  must  be  underst(H)d  as  applying  to  North  America  ahaie, 
uidess  it  is  otherwise  expressly  stated. 

The  scope  of  this  article,  as  indicated  by  the  title  an<l  foregoing  re 
marks,  is  a  very  wide  one;  and  the  jtresentation  of  such  a  title  would 
seem  toim|>ly  tlie  known  existence  of  much  nniterial  ni)on  which  to  base 
a  discussion  of  the  subject.  Lest  [  sliouhl  seem  to  assume  greater  knowl 
edge  of  this  subject  than  the  facts  will  warrant,  it  may  be  stated  that 
whili-  the  material  upon  which  onr  i)resent  knowledge  of  it  is  based  is 
really  considerable  and  very  important,  it  is  nevertheless  true  that  as 
regards  a  continuous  history  of  the  fauniB  herein  discussed,  and  the 
geological  epoch  in  which  onr  most  common  living  molluscan  tyjtes 
really  originated,  our  knowledge  is  very  imjterfect.  Enough  material, 
however,  has  been  collected  to  throw  much  light  upon  the  chara«;ter  of 
the  ancestral  representatives  of  nuuiy  of  the  families  which  re  herein 
mentioned.    It  is  proposed  to  go  80  far  only  in  the  discussion  of  these 


6 


NO\-MA«I\K    108HII,    MOLLU8CA. 


i 


fo8Mit  iorniFt  hh  wm  tiru  warranti'd  in  doiii};  liy  tli«>  w«>ll-.iHc«>rliiini'(l  itlitii'* 
actcr  of  llif  <'vi«lfiici;  atltliiccd. 

As  to  tliu  Ncopooi'  tlio  ({('iifralsuliijtM't,  uIIIiuiikIi  it  ciiihiai'cs  I  In-  lliivu 
cad'piricH  ut'  iioii  inariiu^  inulluHoa,  iiainciy,  IIioni^  of  brat'ltisii  wattT, 
Ii'i-mIi  water,  and  land  liabilat,  it  is  HiiJi  ^4^lall  as  coiMpaicd  willi  tliat  id' 
tlio  ;;i't'at  mass  ol'  tliat  purtion  of  ;iu>  nioiluscan  sidtkiiiploia  wliicli  is 
vni'traiTd  Ity  tlio  marine  incdlnsea.  Not  only  is  the  diversity  witliin  tlie 
three  eate^'ories  of  niulliiscan  t'orins  whieli  are  herein  disenssed  almost 
ineoaiparably  less  than  that  which  obtains  anion}r  marine  mollnsea,  but 
II  greater  proportion  of  the  remains  of  formerly  exist in;i  non-marine 
than  of  marine  mollnsea,  have  abnost  eertaiidy  been  destroyed  as  the 
result  of  Ki'oht;iieal  ehanges  and  other  eauses  which  will  ite  su;{H;esled, 
or  they  have  failed  to  bo  preserved  in  an  avaihiblu  eonililion  for  study. 
Tlier<>lore  the  record  fnridshed  by  the  fossil  noninariiH'  mollnsea  is  much 
more  imperfect  than  it  is  in  the  case  of  the  nnirine  mollnsea.  Still,  the 
Hcope  of  this  sidije»!t  is  u  very  broad  one,  even  with  (nir  present  ineoia- 
plete  kiiowled;;e  of  its  details,  and  the  discussion  of  many  interesting; 
points  pertaining;  to  it  must  be  deterred  to  other  occasions. 

A;;ain,  while  the  three  nonnnirine  categories  of  mollnsea,  especially 
the  tlr.st  two,  in  the  order  in  wliieh  tin-y  Inive  been  named,  may  be  de 
lined  from  each  other  with  ii  good  degree  of  accuracy  in  the  case  of  tlu'ir 
jiving  representatives,  yet  it  lias  not  always  been  founil  easy  to  say 
whether  some  of  those  fossil  forms  whose  nearest  living  congeners  are 
foniul  exclusively  in  perfectly  fresh-water  imiy  not  have  lived  in  waters 
which  contained  at  least  a  Hiuall  proportion  of  salt;  but  this  subject  will 
be  further  referred  to  on  sidiscqntMit  pages.  Neither  are  we  positive  in 
all  cases  that  those  species  which  we  refer  to  n  land  habitat  were  really 
land  ixdmonate  tuollusks,  or  that  they  nnty  not  have  been  in  some  eases 
l)alustral  pulmonates,  or,  possibly,  gill-bearing  mollnsks.  lint  generally 
these  determinations  aro  made  with  much  confidence,  based  upon  the 
known  correlation  of  shell  characteristics  with  the  soft  i)arts  of  the  liv- 
ing molinsks  which  formed  them. 

The  more  indellnito  boundary  of  tlu!  scope  of  the  present  artic^Ie  is 
that  which  I  have  drawn  between  the  brackish-water  and  nmrine  Ibrms. 
The  ditliculty  of  drawing  such  a  line  arises  largely  from  the  fad  that 
.some  of  the  geueni  which  have  more  or  less  abundant  rei»r<'sentatives 
iu  brackish  waters  have  also  representatives  in  marine  waters;  but  I 
have  regarded  those  strata  as  of  brackish-water  origin,  which  have  been 
found  to  contain  by  natural  deposition  forms  whose  living  congeneis 
aro  found  in  brackish  waters,  even  though  such  fossil  forms  are  foun<l 
associated  with  those  on  the  one  hand  whose  living  «'ongeners  are  some- 
times, but  not  not  always,  found  in  nmrine  waters ;  or,  on  the  otlu'r  hand, 
with  those  whose  living  representatives  are  known  only  in  fresh  waters. 
Such  a  commingling  of  forms  as  is  here  indicated  really  occurs  in  nn- 
nuuou.s  instances,  especially  in  the  strata  of  the  Laramie  group.  Tiius 
thoassociatiouinoueaudthesanie  stratum  of  C'oritcK/a,  Corbiila,  Nvritina, 


St 

m 


i 


WHITR.) 


INTRODUCTORY    RRMARKR. 


&i'.,  M  held  to  indicate  u  bmol^iHliwatcr  oiin\u  t'orHiicli  a  Ntiiititiii,«^v(>ii 
thoUKli  it  lioldH,  aNHO«-iat«'d  witli  (Iiono  mIicIIs,  hucIi  ioiiiim  as  I'nio,  Vivi 
paniK,  GoniobuHin,  &c.,  «'H|K'cially  iCsm-li  strata  altornato  (as  is  olifii  (in- 
cast'  ill  tliu  Laraiiiit^  ((roup)  witii  strata  wliiri.i  cn'ilaiii  uii  tiu*  uiii-  liaiiil 
only  sii.'b  IresliwatiM'  loiiiis  as  Uiiio,  ViriiHirim,  &v,,  aial  on  iht-  othi'i' 
liaiiu  siicli  sa I i III  water  t'oiiiis  as  Ontmi,  Aintmia,  iS:t'.  This  view  is  also 
I'oiitlriuftl  by  the  tact  that  in  the  Laramie (iriaip  Corhiriilii,  Coilmhi.  ami 
Xerithta  iiiv  frequently  I'oiiml  so  assoehited  willi  (htim  and  Aiioniin  as 
to  plainly  iiidieate  that  they  all  livetl  to;;ether.  It  is  thus  elearly  nIiowii 
that  a  part  of  the  forms  discussed  in  this  artiele  have  near  allies  in  strain 
of  marine  origin,  and  als:»  many  near  allies  now  living'  in  truly  marine 
waters,  and  none  in  fresh  waters;  but  the  etMnniin^diii;;  of  these  fossil 
speeies  of  undoubted  saline  habitat  with  others  whieh  elearly  indieat" 
that  they  lived  in  water  of  tar  less  than  marine  saltness,  makes  it  neees 
sary  to  rej;>'ai'd  the  former  as  ineinberH  of  a  brackish-water  fauna,  and, 
therefore,  as  coming;  within  the  scope  of  this  artiele. 

In  some  cases  the  brackish  waters  that,  by  the  presence  in  the  depos 
its  they  have  left  of  such  fossils  as  have  been  relerred  to,  are  indicated 
as  having  then  [nevailcd,  were  plainly  those  of  estuaries,  whieh  indented 
the  coasts  of  formerly  existing  seas  at  the  mouths  of  then  existing  livers, 
IJnt  the  greater  i>art  of  the  species  enumerated  in  this  artie]e,wliii'li  are 
re;;arde(l  as  having  had  a  brackish-water  habitat,  come  Irom  strata 
(namely,  those  of  the  Laramie  «.uoiip)  which  bear  evidence  of  having' 
been  deposited  in  a  great  inland  sea,  in  parts  of  which  sea  brackish 
waters  alternated  with  fresh,  or  nearly  fresh  wateis.  "'le  facts  upon 
which  this  conclusion  is  based  have  been  presented  in  o',  .  iiblicatioiis, 
and  are  repeated  to  some  extent  upon  followin^r  pa;;es  mi  tins  article. 

JJefore  pr<K!eedini;  with  the  enumeration  of  tin-  spccili*-  I'orms  of 
non-marine  mollu.scu  which  have  been  discovered  in  Nort!:  Amciicaii 
si  ta,  and  the  geological  position  which  each  lauiia  repiesentcd  by 
th'.ii  respectively  occupies,  it  is  necessary  to  jnesent  a  brief  tabular 
stateineiit  of  the  arrangeinent  or  order  of  the  geological  loriiiations, 
beginning  not  with  the  earliest  known  fos.siliferoiis  rocks  in  tliegeologi 
cal  seri(!s,  but  with  the  formation  which  has  furnished  the  earliest  known 
molluscan  forms  that  come  within  the  scope  of  this  article,  namley,  Jievo 
iiiaii. 

This  tabular  view  of  the  formations  has  been  made  with  esjiccial  ref- 
erence totho.se  which  have  been  recognized  in  Western  North  America, 
because  it  is  there  that  the  greater  part  of  the  fossils  have  been  collected 
which  are  discussed  in  the  tollowing  pages. 

It  may  not  be  entirely  nnnecessiiry  to  stite  that,  although  the  terms 
group  and  formation  are  someMhat  variously  used  by  ditl'eieiit  writers, 
the  .strata  that  were  formed  in  a  period  or  ejioch  of  geological  time  are 
usually  and  jiroperly  referred  to  by  the  same  name  as  that  of  the  i»eriotl 
or  eiioch  in  which  they  were  torined.  Thus,  the  iollowing  table  of  geo- 
logical time  is  really  a  tabh'  of  the  formations  tliat  were  produced  tlur- 
iug  that  time. 


8 


NON-MARINE    FOSSIL   MOLLUSCA. 
Subdii'iaionn  o/  geological  timr. 


lima. 


Afc- 


Period*. 


Epooh*. 


Cenozoic  or  Maiuinaliati  —  <  '  Ceiiozoic . 

«j 

Ucaozoiu  LT  Uepdliau    i    Mvsozoiv 


Paleozoic . 


i 


CarbuiiiferuiM  . 
Uovouian 


(      I'liOc'""" 

Tertiary <    Mioc 

(    Koce 


Laniniio. 
Crotat'coUH. 

•TlllllHHiu. 

Trinnaic. 
I'ciiiiiun. 
Coal-Mi'aNiirt'H, 
Lowf  I-  Carbouifuroiia, 


I'lioovue. 
c'cune. 
Koceott. 


Nu  special  cxplauation  of  the  teniis  or  iiiiineH  used  in  this  table,  with 
l)ei'hai)8  the  excej)tiou  of  Laramie,  is  deemed  necessary,  because  tliey  are 
to  be  found  in  all  text-books  of  geology  now  in  use;  but  some  supple- 
laeutary  explanation  of  the  terms  that,  in  ct)niiection  with  those  which 
have  become  so  commoidy  known,  have  been  used  by  the  various  geoht- 
gists  who  have  made  original  investigations  in  Western  North  Ameri(;a  is 
iie(!e.ssary  to  enable  the  general  reader  to  understand  dearly  the  use  of 
them  that  is  made  in  the  following  pages. 

Tliuterin  LaramieGroup,  although  it  is  unknown  except  in  the  geology 
of  Western  North  America,  will  bo  mentione<l  oftener  perha])s  in  this 
article  than  the  nsime  of  any  other  formation ;  lu'cause  a  greater  number 
of  the  species  herein  mentioned  come  from  that  group  of  strata  than  from 
any  other.  This  name  is  applied  to  u  large  and  very  important  formation 
which,  in  the  western  part  of  the  continent,  comes  between  the  well- 
recognized  marine  Cretaceous  strata  below,  and  the  etpially  well-r«'c(»g- 
nized  Tertiary  strata  above.  Geologists  are  not  agreed  as  to  whether 
this  great  gnmp  should  be  referred  to  the  Tertiary  or  Cretaceous  ]>eriod, 
some  contending  for  the  former  and  some  for  the  latter  reference.  The 
truth  appears  to  lie  between  the  two  opinions,  and  1  have  elsewhere 
presented  reasons  for  regarding  this  group  as  occupying  a  transitional 
position  between  the  Cretaceous  and  Tertiary.*  Neitlier  the  Ijar- 
amieGroup  nor  any  true  geological  eqtiivaleiit  of  it  is  at  icesent  known 
anywlu're  ex<  ept  in  W^estern  North  America.  It  .'here  occupies  or  is 
found  at  various  localities  within  a  larg«^  region,  the  present  known  limits 
of  w  hich  may  be  roughly  stated  as  extending  from  Northern  New  Mex- 
ico on  the  south  to  the  British  possessions  on  the  north,  and  from  the 
\  icinity  of  Great  Salt  Lake  on  the  west  to  a  present  known  distance  out 
ui)on  the  Great  Plains  of  more  than  200  miles  from  the  eastern  l»ase  of 
the  Ui>(;ky  Mountains.  It  has  been  traced  within  the  western  boundary 
of  both  Kansas  and  Nebraska. 

In  the  course  of  the  earlier  geological  investigations  which  were  nnide 
in  the  west,  the  strata  of  this  great  group,  which  represents  a  distinct 


'All.  Bep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  Tor.  for  1877,  pp.  a5S»-a65.     lb.  for  1878,  pa»  1 1,  pp.  51, 52. 


INTBOUUCTOKV    HK.MAI{K^S. 


9 


period  in  lliofivolofjic^al  history  of'Ntudi  Ainerica,  weres'.adicd  iii<lc|K'iid- 
iMitlyh.v  dilVfrt'iit  iiivcstifiarois,  iit  various  more  or  less  widely-separated 
localities  within  the  rej;ion  that  has  just  been  iiidieate«l,  wliieh  resulted 
ill  the  strata  of  that  >;roiip  reeeiviuj;'  dill*  iciit  names  in  diH'erent  regions. 
Thus,  .Meek  \  llaydeii  ffdvo  the  name  '•Judith  Kiver  (Jroiip"  to  those 
strata  in  the  valley  of  the  Upper  Missouri,  near  the  mouth  of  .Inditli 
Ifiver,  which  were  found  tocontain  Inackisli-waler  fossils.  They  ;iave 
the  name  ••  I'ort  Union  (Jroiii)"  to  stiata  of  similar  faiinal  character 
near  Fort  L'nicui.also  in  the  valley  of  tlu^  Upper  .Missouri,  hut  at  a  con- 
siderable distanci'  to  the  eastward  of  the  Judith  Itiver  lejiion.  They 
also  ;iave  the  name  "l.iynitic  droiip"  to  those  strata  in  Cohnado  east 
of  the  liocky  .Mountains  which  were  found  to  <'oiitain  a  similar  fauna. 
Profe.s.sor  Powell,  study iiij;-  the  strata  in  Wyoniiiif^-  and  Utah.  ;;ave  the 
name"  I'oint  of  Itocks  (ironji"  to  a  series  which  ajjrees  mainly  with  that 
which  is  now  called  Laramie,  anil  which  had  been  referred  to  by  .Meek 
iS:  llaydeii  as  the  ••  liitter  Creek  t'oal  series."  The  stiata  wliieli  are 
lieiein  called  the  liear  IJiver  Laramie  beds  of  .Sontliwi  ..tern  Wyomiiijn 
and  the  adjacent  parts  of  Itali  were  by  .Meek  and  Ilayden  ^ieiieially  re- 
ferred to  as  the  "ISear  L'iver  Ivstuary  beds.''  .^Ir.  Kiiij;-  was  the  lirst  to 
place  all  these  local  ;;idiiiis  to-^ether  (except  tlio.se  of  the  Upper  .Missouri 
Kiver  rc;;iioii)  under  the  fjcneral  and  compreliensive  name  of  Laramie 
(Iroiip.  I  siibseipiei.tly  showed  that  the  Judith  l{iver,  Fort  Union,  Lifi 
nitic.  and  Point  of  L'ocks  yronps  are  all  connected  together  by  spectiie 
identity  of  fossils  in  their  respective  strata.*  1  have  therefore  treated 
the  strata  of  all  those  di(V(>r<.iit  regions  respectively  as  only  local  devel- 
opment of  partsof  one  ;iieat  finmp;  but  I  have  retained  the  local  names 
which  they  ori^iinally  received  from  dilVcrent  authors,  only  snbstitntiii';- 

the  word   •'beds"  i )st  of  those  ca.ses  for  that  of  "«roup,'"  iisiiij--  the 

latter  term  in  the  more  comprehensive, sen.se.  Thus,  I  sjieak  of  the.Iiidith 
IJiver  beds,  Fort  Inion  beds,  P.ear  Kiver  beds,  &v.,  while  rei;  niii};  them 
all  to  the  {(leat  Laramie  '(Sroup. 

.\.  siiiiihir  duplication  of  names,  arisinj.- tVoni  siinilar  circiim  taiices, 
also  exists  in  reference  to  the  earlier  or  earlist  memliers  of  the  purely 
freshwater  Kocene  series,  which  immediately  secceeds  the  Laramie 
(Iroup.  Thus,  the  names  ••  Walisatch  droiip"  of  liayden,  "Vermilion 
Creek  (Iron p"  of  Kin;;,  and  "Hitter  Creek  (iroiiii"  of  Powell  are  re- 
garded as  substantially  equivalent,  or  as  representiuKdiie  and  the  .same 
division  of  the  Kocene  epoch. 

To  aid  the  reader,  who  may  be  assumed  to  be  iinlamiliar  with  the 
details  of  western  Kcolo^'y  and  with  the  names  wIhc'i  die  difi'ereiit 
series  of  strata  in  (he  West  that  are  nece.s.sarily  often  referred  to  in 
this  ailidc  have  received  from  diirerent  investigators,  the  following- 
summary  of  facts  and  opinion  is  ^iveii : 

1.  The  "Judith  l.'iverdroup,"  "  Fort  Union  (lronp,""Li;;niticGr(mp," 


*.\ii.  Hi")).  I'.  S.  (iciil,  Siir.  'I'fir.  tor  1S77,  pj).  •2"i'.'--,'(i.-.. 


1    f  f 


10 


XON-MAIUNK    FOSail.    MOLLIISCA. 


i  I 

I 


"  Bitter  Creek  Con!  series,"  "  Point  of  Uocks  Group,''  and  "  Bear  River 
Estuary  lieds"*  are  all  parts  of  the  gwnt  Laramie  Group. 

L'.  The  l^iiiamie  Group  is  re^anled  as  a  transitional  K'^'ip  between 
till'  Cretaceous  an<l  Tertiaiy  series,  aial  tlierel'ore  as  representiuf;  a 
jieriod  imitai  Mij;'  of  both  llie  Mesozoie  and  Cenozoie  aj^es. 

>.  Tlie  ••  Walisalcli  Group,"  *' Vernulion  Creek  Group,"  and  "  Bitter 
Creek  tiroiip"  are  rej^arded  as  at  least  approximately  equivalent  strata, 
eoiistituliii;.i;llie  oldest  nuMuber  of  the  purely  fresh-water  Koeene  Tertiary 
seiies  of  deposits  in  the  West. 

i.  The  Green  IJiver  and  Bridfjer  Groui)s  are  respeetively  th«' seeond 
ai;d  third  lui  inl)ers  of  that  fresh-water  J'^oetne  series. 

"i.  The  Wind  Jtiser  Gioupof  Wyondnj^'  is  repirded  as  of  lioeene  at;*'. 

().  Tlie  White  IJiver  Group  <d' Dakota  is  reH;arded  as  of  Mioeene  a}>e. 

7.  The  Ireshwater  deposit  of  the  Ivawsoh  .Mountains,  in  Nortiiern 
Neva(hi,  and  its  eijnivalent  in  Scmthern  Idaho,  called  by  Kiiiff  the 
Truekee  (iroup,  are  ie;;arded  as  of  .Mioeene  ajje. 

>S.  No  strata  of  IMioeene  aj;e  are  reterred  to  in  this  article  except  those 
o*  ilae'iie  Valley,  in  Northern  Utah,  becau.se  with  that  exee|)tion  no 
non marine  mollusca  are  known  to  have  been  obtained  from  any  North 
American  strata  which  may  be  referred  to  that  epoch;  unless  certain 
forms  of  I'hjim.  be  also  excepted,  which  have  been  found  in  the  J>ro\vn's 
Park  Group  of  Powell,  in  Southern  Wyondny. 

Uur  knowled;;('  of  the  various  '^eolo^ical  formations  which  are  found 
within  tie  lindis  of  N(»rth  America  enables  us  to  trace  with  a  j;ood  de- 
gree of  .NUtisfaction  the  history  of  the  evolution  of  the  continent  or  the 
proj;ressive  steps  by  which  it  was  elevated  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 
A  liiief  outline,  or  at  least  a  statement  of  .some  of  the  phases  of  this 
history,  as  it  is  understood  by  >{eoIo;;ists,  is  neces.sary  to  a  luoper  un- 
dcrstaiidii.;;  of  the  facts  which  an-  pre.sente<l  in  the  following?  paye.s. 
Without  yoiny  into  the  details  of  investigations  by  which  }>eolo<4isls 
have  arrived  at  their  conclusions,  it  may  be  stated  that  the  continent  in 
its  present  shape  has  been  produced  by  the  coalescence  of  two  or  more 
piinci[)al  portions  which  were  elevated  above  the  level  of  the  sea  in  the 
earlier  ;;eoj;raphical  a;j[es  in  consecpieiice  of  the  progressive  elevation  of 
tlie  continental  area.  I'he  two  principal  portit»iis  of  the  continent  prt'- 
vious  to  the  Cretaceous  period  were  an  eastern  and  western  one  resiiect- 
ively,  and  before  theclo.se  of  that  period  they  were  separated  by  a  broad 
stretch  of  open  sea.  liy  the  continued  shnv  rise  of  the  whole  continental 
area  this  broad  stretch  of  oi)en  sea  became  laud-locked  at  the  close  of  the 

"It  shiiiild  lie  i'(!Miitl'ke(l  hi'i'i^  that  thi^  iiiulliisciiii  Hpccicti  of  the  Bciii' Itivcr  ItodH 
aud  tlirii' ('(|iu\ ait'iits  .no  all  (lili'i'iiiit  I'loiii  ihimr  of  tliu  Luraiuio  Gi'i>u[)  olttcwlu'iv; 
Iml  thosi'  strata  aio  idenTtl  In  tlu!  l^uramio  (iroup  ln'causc  th«j-  liolil  tin-  sume  .struti- 
({raphl(:il  iclation  to  llir  Ci'clafi'ims  licliiw  auil  tln'  Tt'itiar.v  abovi' tliat  thf  typical 
I.Miaiiiic  siiala  ilo  in  oiht'i-  rfjriinisi,  uiiil  also  lici'aiisr  llicy  coiituiii  a  liiackisli-water 
iMiuia.  Wlutlii'i-tliis  ilitt'fivnrc  iiitlio  I'auiia'  is  tliii'  lotlitVi'iviico  in  ujjo,  toiiti'iiiiporamv 
oiis  is:ilaiioii  ol'  wators  U8  Ht'imraiu  svas  iluiiug  the  Liiruiuie  period,  ur  to  suuie  olliei' 
cuutio,  ia  uot  yut  Uuuwu. 


w 


WHITE.] 


INTRODUCTORY    REMARKS. 


11 


Cretaceous  period  uiul  beginning  of  the  Lariiniie,  changing  the  area  tliu.s 
inclosed  to  a  hraclvish- water  sea,  in  which  the  strata  that  we  now  call 
the  Laramie  (iroiip  were  deposited.  By  the  continued  elevation  ol'llu' 
continental  area  that  .sea  became  much  reduced  in  size?  and  cntiiel.v 
I'rcsh  at  the  close  of  the  Laramie  period. 

During  tlie  inunediately  succeeding  Eocene  Tertiary  epoch  at  least, 
th«'  great  fresh-water  lakes  tlmt  were  thus  formed  prevailed  over  a  large 
part  of  that  area  which  in  the  Laramie  i)eriod  had  been  occupied  by 
brackish,  and  previously  by  luarine,  waters.  Then  began  tiie  series  of 
movements  in  the  eartii's  crust  which  resulted  in  the  elevation  of  the 
plateaus  and  thegreat  .systems  of  mountains  of  VA'estern  North  America, 
into  the  structure  of  which  these  Laramie  and  Eocene  .strata  enter. 
Some  portions  of  tlie  western  part  of  the  continent  contiiMU'<l  to  be  occu- 
pied by  fresh-water  lakes  of  the  kind  last  referred  to,  during  the  middle 
and  latter  portions  of  the  Tertiary  period;  but  tliey  were  much  less  in 
size  than  those  whicdi  previously  existed.  They  also  gradually  becanu- 
smaller,  and  tinaliy  disappeared  by  being  drained  of  their  waters;  or 
r*!mnants  of  them  remained  to  become  the  salt  water  lakes  of  to  day. 

The  incompleteness  of  that  portion  of  the  geological  record  which  i.s 
furnished  by  tiie  fossil  remains  of  the  three  categories  of  molhisks,  which 
form  the  subject  of  this  article,  has  already  been  referred  to,  and  the 
cau.ses  of  it  are  very  a])parent  when  it  is  remembered  how  small  a  pro- 
portion the  non-marine  have  always  borne  to  the  marine  molhisca  ;  and 
also  how  small  a  pro]»ortion  of  fresh  and  brackish  water  dei)osits  there 
must  always  have  been  in  comparison  with  nmrine  dejiosits. 

The  extensive  fresh  and  brackish  water  «lei»osits  of  Western  North 
America  are  remarkable  exceptions  to  the  general  iiile,  that  extensive 
geological  formations  are  of  marine,  or  open  sea,  origin;  and  we  have 
therefore  in  tliat  region,  and  for  the  epochs  which  those  formations  rep 
resent,  an  unusually  full  record  of  non-marine  and  terrestrial  life;  lor  it 
must  be  remembered  that  those  formations  contain  many  leniains  ol' 
terrestrial  vertebrates,  and  an  abundant  tlora,  as  well  as  of  liesh  water 
and  hind  molhisca.  This  statement  of  facts  naturally  leads  to  a  brief 
consideration  of  the  conditions  which  luevailed  in  former  geological  pe 
riods,  and  which  con<lueed  to  the  preservation  of  thi>  mollu.s<ran  foinis 
herein  discussed,  when  so  large  a  itrojiortion  of  their  kinds  in  othei 
parts  of  the  world  were  destroyed. 

While  rhe  remains  of  aqueous  molhisca  were  readily  entombed  and 
preserved  in  the  sedimentary  deposits  of  the  waters  in  which  they  lived 
(which  deposits  afterward  became  rocky  strata),  those  of  land  mollu.sca 
must  ha\  e  been  transported  from  the  laud  into  such  waters,  where  alone 
they  could  have  been  i>reserved,  and  where  in  fact  they  <lid  receive  the 
same  entombment  with  those  that  had  lived  there.  This  transpoitatuai 
of  the  shells  of  land  molhisca  was  doubtless  in  nu)st  ca.ses  effected  by 
the  currents  of  rivers  near  the  banks  of  which  the  uiollusks  lived,  anil 
into  the  waters  of  which  they  were  swept  in  time  of  Hood.    Aud  yet  an 


mmmn 


12 


NON-MARINE    FOSSIL    MOLLUSCA. 


nuoxpi'ctedly  larffc  proportion  of  the  known  fossil  piilmonatc  mollusca 
luc  those  wlioso  habitat  was  constantly  upon  the  land.  The  conditions, 
Jiowcvcr,  wliicli  prevailed  during  the  ( 'oalmeasuie  period  of  the  Car- 
boiiifcrous  age,  and  'indcr  whicli  the  inunense  quantities  of  vegetable 
iniitcrial  that  we  now  know  as  coal  were  i)reserved,  were  necessarily  sonie- 
\vh:it  liivorabic  to  tiie  preservation  of  such  land  mollusca  as  may  have 
Ibuiid  a  iial)itaf  amonj;  that  vegetation.  The  paucity  of  tlu'  icmains  of 
such  mollusca  that  have  yet  been  discovered  in  tlie  extensive  coal  bear, 
ing  strata  of  that  e^irly  ])eriod  seems  to  prove  that  they  could  lutt  then 
have  been  very  aluuidant ;  but  the  discoveries  (»f  Dawson,  Uradley,  and 
Wliitlield  sliow  conclusively  that  a  well-developed  and  widely  ditfer- 
cntia.ted  land  moluscan  fauna  existed  at  least  as  early  as  th(^  middle  of 
the  Carboniferous  age,  and  ])robably  nnich  earlier. 

From  tlic  Coalmeasurc  i)eviod  until  that  of  th"  Laramie  the  few  re- 
in,tins  of  niin-marinc  mollusca  that  have  beenfoiuid  in  North  American 
strata  ])resent  iiulicacions  that  the  layers  in  which  they  were  discovered 
were  dci)()sited  under  estuary,  paliistral,  or  limited  lacustrine  conditions, 
n-lirciu'c  to  which  will  be  made  in  connection  witli  the  separate  men- 
tion ol'the  species  on  following  jtages.  The  conditions  which  iu'«!vailed 
ill  Western  North  America  during  the  Laramie  and  Kocene  periods 
have  already  been  indicated,  and  for  fuller  details  the  reader  is  referred 
to  the  works  before  cited. 

Altlioiigli  there  are  really  many  facts  now  known  which  throw  light 
upon  I  lie  jihysical  conditions  that  ]>revailed,  and  the  niollu  can  faiime 
wliicli  lived  in  Western  North  Anu'rica  during  the  various  ^jsological 
periods  fniiii  the  later  Paleozoic  to  the  present  time,  a  jiart  ot  which 
have  been  referred  to,  tlu'  following  counter-tacts  should  also  be  men- 
tioned, because  they  show  how  f;u'  from  perfect  or  continuous  the  geo- 
logical r<'coid  really  is,  in  relation  esiieciiilly  to  the  non-marine  mollusca. 

|{i\eis,  ])onds,  and  marshes  have  necessarily  existed  ever  since  any 
eonsideral)le  jiortion  of  tlu;  continent  rose  above  the  sea.  and  those 
rivers  and  ponds,  without  doubt,  all  had  their  own  molliiscaii  fauuieever 
.sine,',  the  Jat<'r  ]>orrion  of  Paleozoic  time,  if  not  from  a  still  eavlierdate, 
and  yet  no  trace  of  any  river  dei)osits,  except  tliose  of  estuaries  (and 
few  of  these  are  known),  has  yet  been  discovered  whi<;h  pertain  to  any 
geological  ejMK-h  except  that  of  tlie  Post  Tertiary.  'Ihe  same  can  imrdly 
be  .sai<l  of  paliistral  deposits,  because  much,  if  not  all,  of  the  coal  must 
have  been  proiluced  under  paliistral  conditions;  and  yet  it  is  a  note 
wortliy  fact  that  the  greater  jiartof  the  kn<»wn  fossil  i»alustral  mollusca 
have  been  lound  preserved  in  la<;ustrine  dejiosits  together  with  mol- 
Iiisks  of  lacustrine  origin,  and  very  few  in  true  jialustral  dejKisits 

Although  it  is  only  in  the  east«'rn  half  of  the  cmitincnt  that  any  re- 
mains of  non-marine  mollusca  have  been  found  in  strata  of  Paleozoic 
age.  the  iciiiains  of  such  mollusca  as  have  been  found  there  in  strata  of 
any  of  tlie  |)eriods  between  tliat  of  Ihe  ("oalmeasares  and  Ihe  P(»st-Ter- 
tiary  are  few  and  nnimiMirtant.* 

*  See  rouiarks  ou  a  followh'g  page  ou  Hpurioua  uud  doubtful  species. 


f 
'-.1 

I 


INTROUtlCTOKY    KKMARKS. 


13 


Th«  Riuiio  might  also  be  said  of  tliat  portion  of  the  coiitint'iit  wliicli 
borders  ni)on  tlio  Pacific  Oci-an,  and  for  the  same  pcridils.  hut  lor  t lie 
very  few  Uiiione  forms  which  the  Cretaceous  de])osits  have  fun, ishcd 
tliere,  and  which  have  si»eeial  interest  hi  eonneetion  with  (itlier  fossil 
llnioiiida-  mentioned  in  this  article.  Therefore,  almost  the  wlioic  of  oiii' 
present  knowledge  of  the  character  of  the  non marine  iii()IIii>caii  types 
which  existed  during  the  whole  of  Mesozoic  and  'i'ertiary  lime  and  of 
the  order  of  their  succession  has  been  derived  from  discovei  ies  of  llieir 
re?nains  which  have  been  made  in  the  interior  region  of  the  western  half 
of  the  continent,  maiidy  in  connection  with  the  surveys  that  have  been 
prosecuted  under  the  aus|ii(;es  of  the  goveinment.  .^lorcovcr.  tlie  dis- 
coveries that  have  been  made  in  \orth  America  up  to  the  present  time 
give  us  very  little  information  of  any  molluscan  fauna,  except  the  marine, 
for  the  Miocene  eiwch,  and  still  less  for  the  Pliocene,  'riuiclbie  this 
review  of  the  non-marine  molluscan  fauna'  of  the  coiiiinent,  although 
it  is  intended  as  a  synoi)sis  of  all  the  sjiecies  that  are  at  present  known, 
is  .something  like  a  chapter,  or  parts  of  chapters,  taken  at  random  from 
a  book;  but  these  selections  are  of  such  a  chara<'.ter  as  to  give  us  a  very 
good  indication  of  what  the  whole  book,  figuratively  siu'akiiig.  must  be. 
This  indication  is  all  the  more  clear  be(!ause  of  the  fact  that  while  every 
.species  that  is  di.scu.ssed  in  this  article,  from  whatever  formation  it 
comes,  is  regarded  as  extinct,  the  great  majority  of  the  genera,  and 
even  the  .sections  or  subdivi.sions  of  the  genera,  are  preci.sdy  the  same 
as  those  which  we  find  represented  by  living  forms.  In  the  ca.seof  many 
of  the  fo.ssil  form.s,  so  clearly  are  these  familiar  generic  and  subordi 
nate  types  expres.sed,  that  the  fo.ssil  .species  are  often  found  to  re.send)le 
those  now  living  so  closely  as  to  require  careful  .scrutiny  to  di.scover 
wherein  they  dill-n-.  This  persist(>iu;e  through  long  i»eriods  of  gcologi 
cal  time,  of  even  the  simpler  tyi)es  of  non-ijiarinc  niollusKs.  after  they 
were  once  establisled,  is  a  remarkable  ami  interesting  fact.  Imlivirl- 
uals,  generations,  a;id  species  died,  as  the  eixxdis  succeeded  eatdi  olhei', 
but  the  types*  havt  remained  to  this  day. 

•Thti  word  "t.vpc,"  iia  used  by  iliffcrtMit  .aiitliors,  Iuih  often  nncss.irily  ii  soiirewlinl 
ind.'tiuito  iiio.iniiis;  Imt  .as  used  in  tins  iirtirl.'  it  may  l..'  d.'tin.'d  iis  iin  idciil  ivinc- 
sciitiition  of  t ho  essential  (•liur.-icteiisties  of  a  ni-onp  of  sp.eies.  nsiially  ai-plied  lo  a 
Kroiip  wideh  may  cmtir.aco  a  genus,  or  only  a  suliordinate  division  of  a  seiins.  In  th« 
latter  case,  1  use  the  designation  suliordinate  type.  I  <1()  not  use  the  term  ty))e  in  any 
case  as  interch.-ingeablo  with  any  of  the  names  that  are  used  in  systeiniitie  ilassiliea- 
tion,  sneli  as  .species,  genus,  family,  &c. ;  but  sometimes  it  nmy  lie  e(|nivaleMl  in  scope 
with  any  of  them  ;  as,  for  example,  when  only  a  single  species  of  a  sMbgeniis.  genus, 
or  family  is  known. 

Thu.s,  although  types  may  have  no  material  existenc.  in  one  s.'use,  Ihev  miv  found 
to  havo  been  more  persistent  in  time  or  duration  tlian  speeilic  tonus;  for  w.^  lind  iji.it 
many  of  tiie  types,  as  above  deiiued,  which  now  exist  among  living  mollusca  also 
existed  in  various  geological  epochs  as  far  back  as  Me.sozoie,  or  .'ven  earlier,  time; 
but  every  known  fossil  species  in  which  those  types  have  been  expressed  havo  8uc- 
oessivoly  become  extinct. 


'!   M 


14  NON-MARINE   FOSSIL  MOLLUSCA. 


AN>OTATED  AND  IliliUSTRATED  CATALOOUB. 

CONCHIFERA. 

Tli»>  tiiinilies  of  the  Conohifera,  wliich  are  repre8ente<l  by  the  fossil 
species  (lisciissed  in  this  artich',  are  those  only  which  are  represented 
anioii<<'  tlie  livin;;  noit-inarine  niolliiscn;  because,  no  far  as  we  now  Icnow, 
tliere  is  not  a  sin^de  re))icsentative  of  an  extinct  family  auion^r  all  those 
species.  .Moreover,  the  principal  genera  are  the  same  among  both  the 
fossil  and  recent  forms,  and  in  only  a  few  cases  at  most  is  there  a  sub- 
ficneric  dillercnce,  or  even  a  dilierence  in  the  snbordinate  types  into 
which  certain  of  the  genera  may  be  divided;  although  all  the  8i)ecie.s 
are  regarded  as  extinct. 

It  should  be  understood  that  thiu  article  is  a  review,  and  not  a  re- 
visiou,  of  published  species.  Therefore,  the  genuineness  of  the  ditterent 
species  which  have  been  piddished  by  various  authors  is  seldom  called 
in  qnestioi-,  even  when  it  is  doubted,  as  it  is  in  a  nund)er  of  instances. 
It  is  thought  best  on  this  occasion  to  present  the  subject  somewhat  his- 
torically, and  defer  a  critical  revision  of  the  species  to  another  time. 

OSTKEID.E. 

Although  the  Ostreidae  of  the  present  time  are  much  less  frequently 
found  living  in  the  waters  of  the  open  sea  than  in  those  of  bays  and 
estuaries,  the  fossil  shells  of  all  the  various  generic  groups  of  that 
family  are  often  found  (juite  abundantly  associated  with  those  of  such 
molluscan  forms  as  nnist  be  regarded  as  having  been  denizens  of  the 
oi)en  sea.  Indeed,  both  the  Mesozoic  genera  Gnjphaa  and  Exogyrn  se«im 
to  have  been  invariably  of  open-sea  habitat;  while  Ontrm  proper  has, 
in  all  the  Mesozoic  and  Cenozoic  epochs,  existed  in  both  marine  and 
biiH^kisli  waters;  Itii*^  the  last-named  genus  seems  to  have  always  been 
in  past  times  the  only  representative  of  the  Ostreidae  that  has  lived  in 
brackish  waters,  while  none  of  the  fannly  have  probably  ever  lived  in 
perfectly  IVesli  waters. 

The  most  noteworthy  examples  of  the  fossil  brackish-water  Ostreidie 
of  North  America,  namely,  those  of  the  Laramie  Group,  occur  in  strata 
that  contain  no  truly  marine  forms,  btit  which  are  frequently  found  to 
closely  alternate  with  other  strata  in  which  fresh-water  and  land  mol- 
lusca  prevail;  and,  indeed,  there  ar«'  often  found  associated  with  these 
shells  of  Ostrca  those  of  species  whose  living  representatives  exist  oidy 
in  fresh  waters.  But  as  it  is  my  intention  to  prepare  a  separate  essay 
for  a  future  report  on  all  the  foss.il  Ostreidae  of  North  America,  little 
more  than  incidental  reference  will  be  made  to  this  family  in  this  arti- 
cle— even  to  those  species  of  Ostren  which  constitute  parts  of  the  brack- 
ish-watcr  fauna  herein  discussed.    8iuce,  however,  the  molluscau  fauna 


'^ 


wniTK.l 


ANNOTATED   CATALOGUE. 


If) 


of  the  great  inland  brackish-water  sea  which  existed  diiHiip:  tlio  Lara- 
mie period  will  be  necessarily  somewhat  Ireqnoiitiy  relorrod  to  and 
briefly  discussed  on  following  pages,  it  is  thought  best  to  nuiko  the 
series  of.ita  illustrations  the  more  complete  by  presenting  a  few  lignres 
of  the  more  characteristic  forms  of  its  Ostr('id;T>,  whicii  will  he  ibnntl  on 
Plates  9,  10,  11,  and  12. 

Five  species  of  Osfrca*  iiave  been  described  and  published  by  \  arious 
authors  from  strata  which  are  now  regarded  as  belonging  to  the  l.iu'iuije 
(iroup;  but  in  \-iew  of  the  known  wide  range  of  variation  among  the 
species  of  this  genus,  and  the  actual  discovery  of  many  inteiniediate 
forms  which  connect  at  least  a  part  of  those  supposed  siieeies  togellier, 
it  is  now  thought  that  the  strictly  specific  forms  of  (Mna  wiiiel-  ha\e 
been  discovered  in  the  Laramie  tJroup  io  not  numb'>  r  more  tiian  two  or 
three  at  most,  t 

It  is  interesting  to  note  how  closely  some  of  these  ancient  species  of 
Ostrca  are  allied  to  living  forms,  a  good  example  of  which  is  allbnied  by 
O.  iq/omitif/emis,  as  nmy  be  seen  by  comparing  the  figures  ol  it  on  Plates 
10,  11,  and  1L>,  with  the  shells  of  the  common  (Mna  v'n-fi'iukui,  now  liv- 
ing so  abundantly  upon  our  Atlantic  coast.  So  closely,  indeed,  are  some 
of  the  fossil  specimens  like  living  ones  that,  but  for  their  ])artially  min- 
eralized condition,  the  former  might  easily  be  taken  (or  damaged  ex- 
amples of  the  living  ';peciC8. 

While-  the  OstreidiB  have  formed  a  more  or  less  prominent  feature  of 
all  the  molluscan  fauna)  whose  remains  are  found  in  all  the  marine  de- 
posits from  the  Jurassic  period  to  the  i)resent  time,  we  have  yet  <lis(;ov- 
ered  no  remains  of  the  family  in  any  Xortli  American  strata  of  any  of 
the  ejwchs  between  the  close  of  the  Laramie  jteriod  and  the  beginning 
of  the  Post  Tertiary  which  can  be  jiroperly  referred  to  a  brackish  watel^' 
origin.  Therefore  the  consideration  of  this  fmnily  as  (•ontril)nting  any 
of  its  species  to  non-marine  molluscan  fauna>  must  cease  in  this  article 
with  the  references  that  are  made  to  the  fauna  of  the  Laiamie  (ironp. 

Preciselysimilar  remarks  may  be  made  concerning  flu;  genera  Anomia. 
Corbieitlti,  Corbula,  and  Kerifina  so  far  as  regar(is  the  extinction  of  ali 
the  species  of  those  genera  in  the  waters  of  the  Laramie  Sea  as  a  <;onse- 
quence  of  their  becoming  completely  freshened  at  the  close  of  that 
])eriod;  and,  also,  because  of  the  non-discovery  of  any  brackish  water 
deposits  of  a  later  date  than  that  period  in  which  such  remains  may 
have  been  deposited. 

ANOMIIDiE. 

Since  among  fossil  faunae  Anomia  is  an  almost  constant  associate  and 
sometimes,  as,  for  example,  in  many  of  the  layers  of  the  Laramie  Group, 

*  TlicsB  woro  named,  respe>.tiv(!ly,  Oa'ica  nitblrigonalin  Kvans  &  Shuiiiiinl ;  O.  ijUihra 
Meek  &  Hiiyacn ;  O.  arcmtilh  Meek;  0.  iiisccMns  White;  and'.*.  in/oHiiHi/rH.vi,-,  Meek. 
Examples  of  all  tliose  forms  are  figured  on  the  plaies  acconipauyiii;'  i  his  article. 

t  See  remarks  on  this  subject  in  An.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  Terr,  for  1877  p  102 
Also,  ib.  for  1878,  Part  I,  p.  5«. 


Mi 


16 


NOX-MARINE   FOSSIL  MOLLUSCA. 


apparoiitly  the  only  iiiiiiiPdiiiU^  usNociato  of  Ostrca,  Hi«  sanui  Rcnoral 
remarlvH  may  be  made  coiuu'riiiiifj  the  Anoniiidro  tliat  liave  Just  been 
made  eoiicerninf5'  tlie  Ostreidic  so  far  an  they  arc  ajjplicalile  to  the  8iib- 
jeet  of  this  artioUs  Tlie  earliest  known  North  Anierieaii  species  of  Ano- 
min  have  been  foundin(!retaceonsstrata,the}jreater  part  of  Iheni  havinj.' 
by  the  dilVerent  authors  who  have  described  tiieni  been  reported  as  as- 
sociated witli  forms  that  nnist  be  re^'arded  as  of  marine  origin,  bnt  some 
of  them  are  known  to  have  existed  in  the  estnaries  tliat  indented  the 
sea  coasts  of  the  (Cretaceous  period. 

(Jne  estuary  species,  .4.  proixitoris.  White,  was  discovered  by  Mr. 
Meek  in  an  interestiiiy:  estuary  dejmsit  of  Cretaceous  a^;*^  at  Coalville, 
Northern  Utah,  where  it  was  found  associated  with  (!>i)riia,  Uuio,  IVf/- 
vata,  MeUimpust  Plii/m,  and  idsti  witii  sonu'  marine  forms.  It  is  rep- 
resented on  Plate  ."».  In  the  marine  Cretaceous  strata  of  the  same 
neiffliborhood  some  imperfect  examjdes  of  Aiiomia  have  been  fount! 
which  seem  to  be  speeilically  identical  with  Aiiouiia  pmixitoris.  If  this 
identitlcation  is  corre(!t  it  seems  to  i»rove  that  tlu'  sj)ecies  in  question 
ranged  from  marine  to  brackish  waters.  This  sujiposition  is  a  jdausible 
one,  because  certain  living  species  of  iiKtllusks  are  known  to  have  a 
similar  range  of  habitat. 

Anomiit  propntnriH  is  very  closely  like  some  of  the  various  forms  of 
A.  microHcma  i>resently  to  be  mentioned,  and  the  form«'r  not  im]H'obably 
rei)resentH  the  latter  species  ancestrally.* 

Two  other  species  of  Anomia  only  are  known,  which  come  within 
the  scope  of  this  article,  botli  of  which  are  found  in  the  strata  of  the 
Laramie  (ironj)  in  Colorado  and  Wyonung;  althougli  it  is  by  no  means 
unlikely  that  other  species  existed  in  the  bratikish  waters  of  all  the 
ejxxrhs  that  have  jiassed  since  the  famil.\  was  first  established.  These 
two  species  are^.l.  microncma  and  ^1.  (/ryphorhj/nclnts,  Meek.  They 
are  both  represented  on  Plate  12.  Uoth  are  from  tla;  Laramie  (Jroup, 
and  although  in  the  same  neighborhood  they  an*  seldom  found  associ- 
ated in  one  and  the  same  layer. 

It  has  been  the  subject  of  frequent  remark  that  not  a  single  example 
of  the  nmler  valve  of  either  of  the  three  species  of  Anomia  herein  no- 
ticed has  ever  been  discovered,  although  hundreds  of  exam])les  of  the 
upper  valves  of  at  least  two  of  the  species  has  been  obtained,  at  many 
difterent  localities,  in  a  good  state  of  jueservation.  1  was  lately  so 
fortunate  however  as  to  find  in  the  Laramie  strata  of  Northeastern 
Colorado  several  examples  of  the  under  valve  of  ^1.  mkronema,  one  of 
which  is  illustrated  by  Fig.  11,  on  Plate  12.  That  the  under,  or  byssus- 
bearing,  valves  of  A.  microncma  at  least  have  been  so  generally  de- 
stroyed is  due  to  the  fact,  first,  of  their  extreme  thinness,  and,  secondly, 
to  the  fact  that,  with  the  exception  of  a  thin,  porcelanous  layer  in  the 
middle  portion,  the  whole  valve  is  composed  of  a  prismatic  layer,  like 


•S«e  remarks  in  An.  Rei).  IT.  8.  Geol.  Sur.  Terr,  for  1878,  Part  I,  p.  14,  pi.  12,  fig.  15. 


II 


e 
He 


winiK)  ANNOTATKI)    CATAI.OOUK.  17 

the  slu'll  of/^'/i«rt;  tht^  pcml.v  lii.vcr,  wliicli  nivos  siidi  .strtiiiKtli  to  tlio 
iippci-  viilv*',  imna  iii)paiciitl,v  ciitiit'ly  wiiiitiiij,'  in  tlio  \o\\vv.  Tliis 
]M'isinatic  layor  breaks  up  into  its  coinpiiiu'iit  i»iisms  with  j^icat  lacilit.v. 
Tho  ehaiactiMisticsdr  the  iiiidor  \n\\v  ut'  A.  miintncniii,  as  well  as  those 
of  the  upper  valve,  siiow  it  to  i»e  a  true  Anomin ;  thus  preseutinj,'  evi- 
deiict!  of  the  ;;ieat  untitpnty  of  tiie  «:euus  just  as  it  exists  today. 

MVTlI.lU.l:. 

This  family  is  very  spariu^iy  represented  in  the  braelvish  wutei-  strata 
of  North  Anu'iiea,  and  not  at  all,  so  far  as  is  now  known,  in  either  any 
existiu},'  fresh  waters,  or  in  any  strata  of  jiurely  fresh- water  origin;  yet 
the  family  has  representatives  in  sonn-  of  the  strata  of  all  the  yeohtgieal 
ages,  from  tluj  Paleozoic  to  the  present  time.  The  only  genus  (»f  thix 
family  whieh  has  lieen  reeognized  among  the  tossil  eolleetions  from  our 
braelvish  water  strata  is  Volnrllit  Scopoli;  and  all  the  examples  of  it 
that  have  been  discovered  in  those  strata  are  apparently  r«'ferable  to 
tin*  subgenus  Jiravliiidontrs  Swainson. 

Two  sjieeies  have  been  deseiibed  from  the  Laramie  (innip  of  Wyo- 
ming an<l  t'olorado,  nanu'ly  Volstlht  (liruchjidonteH)  miiilaris  and  F. 
(li.)  hitiamtuUt  White ;  *  both  of  whieii  are  represented  on  IMate  1.1. 

An  undeseribed  form  of  this  genus  is  also  known  to  exi.st  in  the  lUsar 
Riv«'r  Laramie  beds  of  Southwestern  Wyoming.  At  least  one  sp"cies, 
whieh  is  eh>aely  allied  witli  those  just  mentioned  as  coming  from  the 
brackish- water  strata,  is  known  to  exist  in  the  nnirine  Cretaceous  strata 
of  the  same  region  in  which  those  Fjaramie  spetsies  occur,  and  it  is  not 
imitrobablc  that  they  are  genetically  rc'lated  with  ea«'h  other. 

The  genus  Drcinsviia  Van  Ueneth'U,  a  living  sj)eeies  of  whiel.i  is  so 
common  in  certain  of  the  rivers  of  Euroju'  and  Western  Asia,  and  which 
genus  is  so  abundantly  and  variously  represented  in  the  fresh-water 
Tertiary  deposits  of  Eastern  Kurope,  is  not  known  to  be  represented  in 
North  America  by  a  single  sjieees,  either  living  or  fossil.  Neiiher  is 
Adaciiii  Hi(!hwald  known  in  North  America,  either  fossil  or  recent, 
although  so  <;ommon  in  Eastern  Kuiope  and  Western  Asia,  in  brack- 
ish waters  and  brackish-water  formations. 

The  genus  Mytilm,  although  it  is  recognized  by  ]Meek  in  the  luarinu 
Cretaceous  strata  of  the  epoch  which  immediately  preceded  tlie  Lara- 
mie period,  .seems not  to  have  survixed  in  the  bracki.sh  waters  of  that 
jteriod  as  di<l  0.strea,  Aiioiiiia,  and  Volficlla. 

In  the  fon'goingdiscu.ssion  of  the  three  families  Ostreida',  Anomiidic, 
and  ^lytilida^,  rei)rescntatives  of  which  are  now  so  abundant  ui)on  our 
nnirine  coasts,  it  will  be  seen  that  especial  reference  has  been  had  to 
the  fauuio  of  the  Laramie  and  other  great  groups  of  strata  in  the  west- 
ern portion  of  the  (iontinent.  This  arises  from  the  tact  which  luis 
already  been  stated  or  alluded  to,  that  in  the  epochs  lepresented  by 
those  groups,  the  conditions  were,  in  that  region,  widely  extended  and 

"  An.  Ki'i>.  tj.  .S.  CJuol.  Siir.  Terr.  i\n-  IHlef,  I'ait  1,  pp.  ;>,  O'J,  pi.  -J"),  (igs.  3  &  4. 


18 


N(>.\-M.\l>'INi:    rossil,    M()I.I,|-,S('A. 


•i  III 


I    . 


vcr.v  riiviinilili'  loi'llic  ili'Mlopi'iiifiit  of  luiickiNli  ami  tVcsli  wiilcr  Iniiiiii'; 
while  \vliiitt'\(  r  ol'  ('siiiiir.v  il('|i(i.sils  iihi\  liiivt*  liocii  iiiii<li>  tliiiiii;;  tli*> 
ln'iioils  llial  ha\(' chipsctl  since  iiaietiziiie  liiii«'  in  IJiiise  re;;iuii.s  wliieli 
now  ninstiiiiie  oilier  iiiuliiais  nl'  (lie  nuiliiieiil,  have  lieeii  nearly  or 
i|iiile  ilesUoM'il  li,\  the  };(>(ilo<;icai  elian;L;fM  thai  have  oceiiire*!,  or  tliey 
have  liillieilo  ese:i|)e(l  diseovery.  ('iiiise(|iienl ly.  as  has  alr<  a«l>  lieeii 
leiiiiitkeil  la  relation  to  the  Ostreiihe,  ilisi-iissioii  of  not  only  the  Itraek- 
iiihwater  re)ii('seiilalives  nl'  these  three  iatiiilies,  but  of  all  ItniekiNli- 
water  loniis  will  e<Ms('  in  lliis  article  with  the  relereiiees  that  are  iiiaile 
to  the  I'aiina  ol'liic  l.aiaiiiic  |icrio<l.  Discussion  ol'  the  I'lcshwater  and 
land  iiiolliisca  will  he  conliiiiicd  to  a  iiiiich  later  epoeh  by  rel'ereiices  to 
liicii  I'o.s.-il  remains,  heeaiisc  la\  oralili' and  extensive  fresh  water  con- 
ditions ciiiiliuii' d  in  Western  Noitii  America  Ion;:  alter  the  widospreiid 
bracldsh  wateisol'flie  Laramie  p«'riod  had  ceased  there. 

lint  even  as  rc;:ards  these  purely  Ircsli  water  and  land  luolliiHcaii 
I'aniilies,  lew  ol'llieir  leniains  have  yet  been  disco\'cred  which  are  refer- 
able to  the  epochs  which  passed  between  the  Kocenc  and  the  |ire.seiit 
time.  Tlies:' dclicieiicies  of  ilie  ;;colo^ical  record  and  their  /oiilojiical 
bcaiinji  will  be  made  apparent  as  the  ditVert'iit  known  fauiin'  mv  [nv- 
seiited  in  their  order  on  the  following;'  pa;;e.s. 

rNKiMn.K. 

l''or  various  reasons,  no  family  ol  iion-inarine  fossil  mollu»ca  is  of 
jircatcr  inleresi  than  the  I'nicdiida', especially  siiure  the  dis(;ov«'ry  «f  the 
lar.ue  number  ofsiiecies  in  llie  .Mt'so/.oic  and  Ceuozoic  strata  of  Western 
North  America,  and  of  the  rich  Inioiie  laiina  of  the  Tertiary  ileposits  of 
lOastern  llnrope. 

Although  cerlaiii  sliclls  found  in  the  Carboiiiferoii.s  and  Devonian 
strata  of  I'lniopi' and  Ameiica  have  been  rcl'erred  to  the  I'liioiiida' by 
dilVcifiit  aiitlMHs.  the  accniacy  of  such  reference  has  been  by  others 
sn  iuiisly  <pii  .h|  imii  i|  ;  and  American  paleoiitolfjLiists  at  least  have  of  UiW 
years  not  jiciicrally  recii;;ni/('(l  as  l)eloii};iiij;  to  that  fainliy  any  shells 
found  ill  stral.i  ut'  earlier  iliaii  Mcso/.oic  time.*  i'rof.  .lames  Hall  has, 
liowe\cr,  ici('iitl\  expressed  the  opinion  t  that  the  two  blvalvi-  species, 
wliicii  were  named  by  Naniixeni  ('ijpi'niiitlitis  vdttsldUvimH  aiui  V.niiijHu- 
laid,  respect i\('!y. t  brbiiij;- to  the  ficiins  ,1  »(>(/()///(( ;  and  that  tl<e  Mont- 
rose and  Oneonta  .sainlstoiies  (later  Devonian)  in  which  those  .-iitccies 
occur,  were  "deiiosited  under  estuary  and  fresh-water  conditions." 

Aside  IrcMii  llie  apparent  Uiiione  characteristics  of  these  shells,  and 
the  other  fads  upon  which  I'rofessor  Hall  bases  the  opinion  he  has  ex- 
pressed, I  lie  wide  (lilferentiation,  which  is  now  know iitohave become  fully 
established  anuai.u  the  I'liioiiida',  at  least  as  early  as  the  later  i»ortion  of 
Meso/uic  ajic,  points  to  a  very  <'aiiy  period  for  the  ori<;iii  of  the  family. 

■  Sci'  !i'iiiiirl;s  nil  a  rnlliiwiii;;  p.-inr  iiii  s|imiiiii,s  mid  ilipiiliH'iil  H]it'eie», 

;  Sci'  ■•  Siiiiic(! "  t'lU-  Iici'fminT,  1-^:1. 

1  Vumixcui's  Ki'ii.  (jIl'oI.,  3d  Disldct,  J>i'uw  Yorlt,  p.  ItfG. 


ANN<»TATI".1>    (  AlAl.iidl  I 


lit 


It  Ih  not  iinpiobiibUs  tlu'rt'l'orc,  tlnil  rcincMiiliilivrs  <»!'  li.c  I'liimiitliuivv- 
islcil  as  ciiiiy  as  tliti  Intel'  Dcvoiiiaii.  as  has  Itcca  Mi;i;:»'sU'»l  l>.v  I'rot'i'ssnr 
Hall.  This  ii|Hiii(ia,  riii'lliorniori',  is  all  llu>  iiiiat' pmliably  nincrt,  lu- 
caiis«>  1)1  till'  kniiwii  I'arl  that  a  well  ilfvchi|i('<|  laial  inollasraii  I'aiiiia 
«-.\ist<>il  tliiria;;  Ihc  Coalaa'asiirc  pcriuil,  ami  a|ipaiviill,v  also  in  the  Dt' 
vonian,  all  I  he  kimwh  s|i('rii-s  ol'  which  art*  nit'iilioiicil  on  the  lollowin;; 
\MiH'n  anil  ll;'nivil  on  an'oinpan.viii;;  plates.  Altlioii;ili  it  may  not  lie 
re;'anl(M|  as  eerlaiii  that  the  ('inirlcdnlUrs  rnttukilliiisisuwil  ('.  iiiiiiiiHliiia 
nt  Vaiiiixeiii  really  lielon;!'  to  the  ineiuis  Aiioilaiila,  copies  of  N'annxein's 
orifiinal  il^itires  are  yiven  on  IMate  I,  lor  the  purpose  ol' comparison. 

Dr.  .1.  W.  Dawxiii,  in  his  .Vreailian  (icolo^iy,  second  edition,  desc-ribes 
seven  species  of  edentnloiis  bivalves  from  the  Coaliiieasnie  strata  of 
Nova  Scotia,  under  the  ;;eiieric  name  of  Xiiliiilitrs.  lie  states  his  belief 
that  they  are  the  shells  of  brackish  watei  or  frcshwalermollnsks  "allied 
to  the  Mytilida'  or  Inionida'."  ■iliesliill  simctiire,  asyiven  by  Dr.  Daw 
N(ni,  is  like  that  of  tli<>  I'nionida'  and  unlike  that  of  theMytilida'.  If 
wi'ins,  therefore,  not  im|:;<»bable  that  at  least  a  jiart  of  his  species  really 
iM'lony  to  the  Inionida'.  Three  of  those  species,  namely,  \<iia<litesvu)- 
honaria,  A',  iloiifiiilii,  and  A',  hiris,  arc  represented  on  Plate  li,  th«  (ij;- 
Hies  beinK  eopies  of  Dr.  Da\\soi,"<  orif;inal  illustratioiiH  in  tiie  Avorli 
referred  to. 

If  tln'se  Devonian  and  Carboniferous  shells  do  not  really  beion;;  to  tliu 
Unionidie,  tlu'  earliest  known  members  of  that  laniily  now  known  t«» 
exist  in  North  American  strata  are  twi  or  three  species,  specimens  of 
which  were  collei-tcd  by  Prof.  10.  D.  (Nipe  in  the  viUey  of  (lallinas  Cieek, 
New  Mexico,  from  strata  which  luvre};arded  as  oj'Triassicane.*  The.se 
shells  beloii;;  nnqnestionably  to  the  {icnns  ('iiii>  jiroper,  as  is  kIiowii  by 
the  eharai^ter  of  the  hiiijue  and  the  mn.sciilar  markinj>:s.  The  outer  pris- 
matic layerof  the  shell  which  cliaracteri/.es  the  Inionida'  is  also  well  pre- 
served on  some  of  the  siiecimcns.  One  of  these  Ibrins,  which  i.s  (i;;nred 
on  Plato  ;{,  wa.s  described  by  .Mr.  .Meek.t  under  the  name  of  U.  crlH- 
f»/if»,s/M,  ami  specilic  names  were  also  pi'oposed  lor  the  two  otlier  forms, 
tliespecinu-nsof  whichhedeemedtobelooimiierfect  for(!liaracterization.:t 
Tliere  are  .some  rea.sons  forrcfiardin;,' the  strata  from  wliieli  tliese  .shells 
were  obtained  as  of  Jurassic  inst«'ad  of  Triassicr  a;{<',  but  furtlior  inves- 
tif^ation  is  needed  before  .'•uelian  o|>iiiion  can  be  conlltU'ntly  expressed. 
The  flfjure  of  //.  cristoncnxis  is  drawn  from  one  of  the  best  of  .Mr.  Meek's 
type  specimens,  but  which  is  nevertheless  very  imperfect.  The  species 
has  never  befon^  been  tijiured. 

While  U.  cristoiirnnis  is  probably  the  most  ancient  published  North 
American  species  of  Unh,  this  portion  of  the  subject  oumht  not  to  be 

•An.  Kt'p.  ICxpl.  aiitl  Sur.  west  of  the  lOOIh  meridian,  for  1S7.">,  ji.  til. 

♦  An.  IJi'p.  Kxpl.  and  .Sur.  wt'st  of  tlic  lOOtli  incriilian.  Cor  ISTri,  p,  83. 

tTlu'Hc  two  names  are  respectively  f'lii'u  {lalliiieiisiK  antl  I',  ieirir-rubrw ;  but,  tho  spec- 
'mena  to  wliieli  tliey  are  apiilieil  arcs  really  too  imperfeot  to  justify  tho  application  of 
any  speeiiie  names. 


20 


NON-MAUINi;    KOSMII,    MOI.MJHCA. 


piisMfil  ov<T  lion-  witliiMil  ift'frt'iii't'  to  tlit>  I';' t  that  Dr.  H.  (!.  >li>it*»ii, 
Mr.  I'.  A.  I'oiiniil,  aiitl  Dr.  iMiiiif  Lni  liavi'  all  Ifsniht'tl  lossll  H|)<>cit>H 
wliich  IIh'.v  rcKardt'da.slM'hiiiKiiiy;  totlif  I'liioiiidi '.  Tlit'.v  wi-iv.  Ii4>ucv«-i-, 
cillirr  inciiiiccllx  icloriftl  to  that  liiiiiily,  or  tli«>  roiiiiatioiis  IVoiii  which 
tht'v  wvw  i'cs|M'rtivt>l,v  olttaiiifil  uic  iiiront'ftl.v  ntatnl;  and  they  an>, 
thiTctoi'f.  i-iiiiiiifiatfil  itiitltM'  tilt'  lii'atl  of  N|MnioiiM  and  doiiltll'nl  M|H>ci«>H 
on  tiiiliiw  in};  pau;«>s. 

Tlial  thi>  Cnionidu'cxistt'd  within  tlii'  aicii  that  now  coiiHtitntt^M  \V«>,st- 
cin  Nortii  Anifi'i<-a  in  tin*  .Inrassic  |M'riod,  and  that  tho  ^fniis  I'liio  of 
ict't/.ius  had  llu-n  not  tady  hfconit'  cMtabliMliiMl,  hut  had  ivaflM-d  a  ;;ood 
dt><;i'fo  of  ditVt-ri'ntiation  as  rc;;ardH  the  t'stablishintMit  of  sidtordinatf 
;;i'oa|>.s  of  toiins  within  that  ^rt-at  p'lius,  is  a|)|mri>ntly  lu'yond  itsison- 
aldt' doidtt ;  anti  in  this  article  th«M|ut'stion  is  tivatfd  as  allliinativi'ly 
st'tth><l.  .\t  the  Sana-  tiint'  it  should  hf  stated  that  in  the  case  of  at 
least  a  niajonty  of  the  aiie^etl  discoveries  of  fresh  water  niollnscim 
species  in  .Inrassic  strata,  some  doubt  has  been  thrown  upon  the  ;;en 
uineia-ss  of  the  freshwater  origin  of  the  strata  in  which  they  were  de- 
posited, or  upon  the  actual  .Inrassic  a;;e  of  those  strata. 

Thi>  Ih'st  discovery  in  North  American  .Inrassic strata  of  shells  which 
are  refcraltic  to  the  Inionida;  was  ainiounced  by  Meek  i\:  llaydcn  in 
connection  with  the  publication  of  t'liio  niicaliM,*  which  is  tl^ured  on 
IMate  :').  Those  authors,  however,  expressed  a  remote  d(Mibt  as  to 
whether  the  strata  in  (]uestion,  wiii«'h  occur  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Itlack 
Hills,  are  really  of  .Inrassic  a;;e.  No  other  examples  of  this  species  be- 
sides t  h«'  type  specimens  have  ever  been  discovered.  They  are  shown  to 
be  those  of  true  I'liio  by  the  hinyo  cluvraeters  observable  upon  one  of  the 
specimens;  and  the  (uiter  prisnmtic  shell-layer  is  observable  on  all  of 
them.  They  were  found  associated  with  shells,  which  iMeek  <S:  llayden 
referred  to  the  yeucra  I'lnnorhis,  Vdlrtitii,  VirijHtriis,  S'crHclUi,  and 
Liopliivoiks  res]>ectivel,\. 

Another  .Inrassic  species  referable  t(»  this  family  is  Uuio  Htcwuidi, 
White,  which  was  described  fr«im  souu'  imperfect  spucimeus  that  were 
collected  fiom  .Inrassic  strata  by  Mr.  .J.  K.  Steward  in  Ntnthern  Utali.t 

Fi<;.  I,  on  IMate  \\,  is  an  outline  illustration  of  this  s]>ecies  which 
has  been  made  up  by  help  of  several  fragments,  no  perfetit  example 
having  ever  been  discovered.  It  is  believed  to  represent  closely  tin- 
outline  and  <>fneral  aspect  which  the  species  presented  while  living.  It 
IH  au  interesting  form,  because  it  illustrates  the  fact  that  at  least  one 
of  the  suiiordinati^  types  of  L'nw  that  now  exists  amoiig  the  living 
Hjteci»'s  of  the  ]Missis8ii)pi  Uiver  system  was  established  at  that  early 
epoch. 

The  next  known  meuduT  of  the  Uniouidic,  the  appearance  of  ^  hich  is 
to  be  mentioned  in  the  order  of  geological  time,  is  au  interesting  form 

•  Paleontology  of  the  IJpucr  MiNHoiiri,  p.  iW,  |il.  iii,  llg.  i:t. 
t  Powell's  Koport,  Goology  of  thu  Uinta  Moiiutuiim,  p.  110. 


wiiirr.l 


ANNOTATKU   CATAI,0(»JIE. 


21 


wliii-li  WHS  <icKi-iilH><i  Ity  M*'(>k  &  lliiyilcii,*  iniiii  HiMitliciistiMii  DaUota, 
iiiidfr  tlit>  iiiiiiM'  MorfintitiiHii  iithniMirnniH,  It  wiiMolilaiiii'il  troin  tlif  l>ii 
kotii  <inMip,  wliicli  in  llio  fiiHU'Nt  Ki'**»p  of  tlu-  <'n>ta*'foiis  Htnitii  in  tliv 
Norili  AiiifricaiisfricH;  ami  it  waMloiindaMsoriatcdwitli  Cj/trint  ilnhitiiisis 
and  I'liinrlla.'  thikotciiHiH  of  tin*  Naini'  nnlhors.  ThfKt>  lorins  judicata  a 
Itrarkisli  walri',  proltaldy  t'stuaiy,  uri^rjn  I'orat  least  tin-  layt'is  m  wiiifli 
thoMt'  toMsils  iH-fiir,  althon^li  tlio  n-inains  ol'  nnikint'  inollnsra  ai<'  I'nnnd 
in  otin'i'  parts  of  Iht'  saiin*  u:i'niip.  Matiittrittiiia  iwhraHviiiMiM  is  ii-pic 
scntfd  by  two  IIkhits  on  !*lat«' 4,  wliioli  tl^nin's  arodnnvn  from  tliepiin 
cipal  type  spoi'iinfn. 

In  sinipr  ami  p-lit'ial  aspect  this  shell  ivsemWIes  some  of  the  living; 
forms  of  M(ir(iurit(iHii,  but  it  is  of  a  sonu-what  dill'erent  type  from  any 
known  living  speeies  of  that  (jeniis.  It  ditl'ers  still  more  from  any  of  the 
other  km>wn  fossil  Unioiiida>,  exeept  the  form  wliieli  was  deserilted  by 
Oal.bt  from  theCretaeeoiis  strata  of  Vaneonver's  IslantI  under  the  mimu 
of  r.  Inibhitnli.  This  sn};;;estion  of  eoii;;enerie  relationship  is  based 
upon  the  external  eharaeteristies  alone  whieli  both  present,  beeanse 
nothing'  is  yet  known  of  tim  character  of  the  hiii^e  of  T.  liKhhiitili.  The 
hin;;e  of  M.  iiibrtiMcciisis,  as  ascertained  by  Meek,  seems  to  warrant  its 
reference  to  the  ;,'enns  Morjinritanii,  and  if  this  reference  is  eorre<'t,  that 
species  is,  with  the  probable  ex(;eption  of  tlu^  ^^  hiihhiirdi  of  (iaid*,  the 
o'lly  known  North  Amerit^an  fossil  form  which  can  be  properly  referred 
to  Marfiaritanti.  lint,  as  before  intimated,  it  jirobably  belongs  ton  sub- 
ordinate type  of  that  jjenns  which  early  became  extinct.  /'///(» liiihhiirili 
is  represented  by  copies  of  Mr.  (labb's  tlKurcs  on  Plate  ."i. 

Mr.  (iabb  also  described  and  ti(;nre<l|  another  species,  a  stranye  bi- 
alate  form  from  the  Cretaceous  strata  of  California,  nnd«>r  tin'  name  of 
I'nio  i)i)iiillimiiM,  of  which  he  seenis  to  have  had  very  imperlect  speci 
mens.  Fixture  1,  on  Plate  .'»,  is  a  eo))y  of  Mr.  (iabb's  ori;.'inal  tl;4iire 
of  this  form,  lie  expressed  no  duidtt  of  the  correctin'ss  of  his  refer 
enceof  thatspe(;ies  to  the};enuH  Ciiio,  and.  notwithstanding  its  unusual 
form,  there  appears  to  be  no  reason  to  sup])ose  that  it  may  not  belong  at 
least  to  the  Unionida'.  If  it  really  is  a  member  of  this  family  it  inesents 
an  intercstinji  exain|deof  a  subordinate  type  which  has  b«'C()ine  extinct, 
while  many  coordinate  types  which  existed  ccmtemporaneously  with,  or 
shortly  after  it,  have  come  down  to  the  ))re.sent  time  nnchanjicd.  It  is 
a  sijcnilicant  ami  interesting  fact.e.s])ecially  in  connection  with  the  refer- 
em-e  of  his  Coalmeasure  fji'inis  Naiaditvs  to  the  Unioiudic  by  Dawson, 
that  both  of  the  IJniones  which  were  described  by  (Iabb  from  the  Creta- 
cecms strata  of  the  Pacific  coast  were  found  in  strata  associated  with  the 
coal  beds  of  that  ]>eriod. 

The  three  last-mentioned  .species  of  the  ITni)»ni<la>  are,  with  one  excep- 
tion, all  that  are  at  present  known  to  have  existed  within  the  area  which 


•  U.  8.  Guol.  »iir.  Torr.,  vol.  is,  p.  114,  pi.  i,  f\g.  5. 

t  Paleontology  of  Californin,  vol.  ii,  p.  190,  pi.  ao,  fig.  ST.. 

t  Paleontology  of  California,  vol.  1,  p.  182,  plate  24,  fig.  164. 


,    i  I 


NON-MARINE    FOSSIL    MOLLUSCA. 


is  now  occnpii'd  hy  the  Xoitli  Amciiiiiii  coiitiiK'nt  duriiifj;  the  epochs 
tliiit  all  ;>(M)l(>'iisls  iijiict'  ill  rd'ciiinj;'  to  the  C'lotact'ous  poiiod.  It  can- 
not l>o  doubted,  however,  that  maii.v  representatives  of  the  lUniily  really 
lived  durinH  that  peri(td,  llie  remains  ot 'most  of  whitdi  ar«' probably  for- 
ever lost,  but  .'.ome  of  wliicli  we  may  yet  hope  to  discover.  The  excep- 
tion that  has  be"ii  referred  to  is  a  species,  tlie  only  kiKtwn  remains  of 
which  consist  of  a  few  fra^iiiciits.  too  imperfect  for  si)ecilic  charactei'i- 
zation,  which  were  Ibiiiid  in  the  I'.stnaiy  de|)osit  at  Coalville,  Utah, 
which  has  already  been  reicrred  to  as  fiiriiishiiij;-  Anomiapropatoriii^ixml 
is  yet  to  be  mentioned  in  connection  witii  certain  other  species. 

The  cause  of  tlie  ai>parent  paucity  of  ITnione  and  other  non-marine 
molluscan  remains  in  strata  of  Cictaceous  ajic,  is  not,  jn-obably,  that 
such  moilusca  did  not  then  exist  in  very  many  jdaces  in  {jreater  or  less 
abundance ;  but  it  is  jnobably  due  to  tlie  tact  that  few  of  the  non-marine 
deposits  (»f  those  ei)ochs  have  escaped  destruction. 

We  come  now  to  the  consideration  of  a  jicolofiical  i)eriod,  namely,  the 
Laramie  (which  is  also  a  reiiiarUable  period  of  tinu'  in  the  evolutional 
history  of  tlu'  L'nioni(he),  in  which  the  physical  conditions  within  the 
area  now  occn])ied  by  the  Nortli  Ajijeiican  continent  were  exceedinjj'.y 
fiivorab'eto  the  existence  auddevelopment  of  iu)n-marine  niolhisca.  The 
chief  of  these  coinlitions  was  tlie  wide  prevalence  of  brackisli  and  fresh 
waters  during'  the  whole  of  tiiat  jteriod.  During  tlm  Ijaramie  period 
there  existed  a  Unione  fauna  that,  lor  dilierentiatiouinto  a  yiient  variety 
of  subordinate  types,  is  truly  remarkable  when  we  remember  that  it  oc- 
curred at  a  time  so  remote. 

It  is  also  a  re!narkal)Ie  fact  ihat  a  lar,u»'  proportion  of  these  tyi)es  are 
precisely  those  which  now  cjiaiacteiize  the  peculiar  and  rich  Unione 
fauna  of  the  Mississippi  drainaj^c  system.  A  jtart  only,  and  apjiarently 
an  unimportant  part,  of  tiiosc  siii)ordinate  ty])es  that  existed  during 
the  Laramie  jieriod  ajipear  to  have  liecome  extinct 

In  tracinfitiieevolntionaliiistcny  (if  any  family  (tfmoHusca  we  should, 
in  a  f>'e"*'''"^  ^^'",V  ^'t  h'ast,  cxiiect  to  liiid  that  the  sinii»lest  forms  were 
the  first  to  appeal'  iii  tlie  order  of  lime;  and  althouj;h  simplicity  (»flbrni 
of  the  shell  is  not  by  any  means  a  necessary  correlative  of  sim|)licity  of 
structure  in  the  nioHiisk  wliich  produced  it,  we  nevertheless  naturally 
inquire  whether  the  simpl(>  slieils  «{'  Aiiodoufa  did  not  i)recede  in  {geolo- 
gical tinu'  the  more  complicated  shells  of  l-nio.  This  may  or  may  not 
have  l)een  the  <;ase;  for  the  i'lilVereiice  in  acttnal  zoological  rank  i)etween 
the  two  geiK'ra  is  at  best  nu'asnrcd  only  in  ])art  by  the  dill'erences  in  the 
shells  of  each  genus. 

If,  however,  I'rot'essor  Hall's  suggestion  is  (correct,  that  the  two  De- 
vonian forms  that  have  already  licen  "I'ferred  to,  belong  to  the  genus 
Anodoiilii ;  and  if  Dr.  Dawson  is  coiicct  in  referring  his  ("arboniferous 
genus  Ndiddilcs  to  tlie  I'nionida',  tlie  e\  idence  .seems  to  be  strongly  in 
lavor  of  the  opinion  that  Ciiio  was  actually  preceded  in  geological  tiiuo 
by  Anoddiitd  and  other  edi-ntulous  Uniouidie. 


WHITK.J 


ANNOTATED    CATAl-OOrr, 


23 


^/;x.  fi'cw^^v 


^Itr^ 


On  tlu'  otlier  liand,  if  tlioso  two  Dcvoiiiaii  spccios  mo  icjcctcd  iis  not 
bciii^f  nuMiibors  of  tiie  lJiiioiiidii>,  tin-  ciirlicst  species  of  Anmlonln  lliiit 
live  ,vet  Uiiowii  in  Xorth  Aiiiericiiii  strata  have  heeii  obtained  I'luni  the 
Lurainie  (iroup,  althon<>li.  as  we  ha^■e  seen,  diverse  ai...  eliaiaeleiislie 
forms  of  true  Unlo  existed  as  early  at  h'ast  as  the  ,)massi<'  tieiiod  ;  and 
Mtir(iarit((ii(i  api)ears  also  to  luive  existed  in  theearliesi  epo.'h  ot  the 
known  North  Anieiiean  Cictaeeons.  y  j^ 

Oneoftlie  two  speeies  of  .lHO(/()»/;,whieli  iiave  been  discovered  in  tlie    -Si^lf:   t^"-^^^  ^ 
Fiaramiedron]), namely,  .[.jiroiiitliiris  White,  from  tiie.Indilh  h'iver  beds 
of  tho  U])]»er  Jlissonri  Ifiver  re^^ion,*  is  rejjresented  on   Plate  1!>.     In 
form   and   };-eneral   as]K'ct    it    is  exceedin<;ly  like  certain  species  which 
are  now  livinfj  in  North  Arneiican  waters.     The  example  represented  by 
Kifjs.  7  and  .S,  on   Plate   lit,  is  not  of  fully  adnlt   si/.e,  as   is  shown    by 
an  aceomitanyin}*-  lijiiire  of  another,  but  loss  ]>erfoct  oxami»lc  :    bnt  it 
servos  to  ilhistrate  the  form  of  the  species  with  considerable  acenraey. 
Krajninonts  found  associated  witii  them  show  the  chaticteristic  edentn 
Ions  iiinjio  o\'  Aiioiloiitn,  one  of  wliicli  is  represented  on  tliat  jilato.     In- 
deed tliere  can   be  no  reasonable  doubt  that    both  i'liio  i\ud  A iiodnntn 
have  come  <h)wn  from  at  least  tlie  dose  of  ."Nresozoic   time,  wholly   un 
ehanjiod,  not  in  fionerie  characters  only,  but  in  those  characteristics  also 
which  so|)arate  subordinate  typos  within  those  jien era  from  each  other. 

The  other  Laramie  sp(>cies  ot'  Anoiloiita,  namely,  A.  ixtntllcla  Wiiite.f 
was  obtained  from  tho  valley  of  Crow  Creek,  Northern  Colora<lo;  but 
only  fra},'ments  of  the  shell  have  yet  been  discovered,  Fiy,  o,  on  Plate 
P.I,  bein;;-  a  restoration  of  the  form,  which  has  been  prepared  by  aid 
of  those  fraf-inoiits.  Jt  is  an  unusually  elongate  form,  Imt  it  is  ajipar- 
ently  a  true  Anodonta. 

At  the  ])ro.sont  time  hieu.strino  waters  ajipear  Ic  (orm  a  more  c(m!.;'e 
nial  habitat  t'ov  Auodoiita  than  lluvatile  waters  do,  althoiiiih  various 
s|tocies  of  that  neiiiis  occur  in  liotli ;  but  not  witlistaiidiii.i;-  this  fact,  no 
spoeimen.s  o\'  Auodonta  have  been  <iiscovered  in  a  ay  of  the  j.;reat  laciis 
trine  deposits  of  T»'rtiary  a.iiC  which  snceeeded  those  of  the  Laramie  Sea 
in  Western  Ncu'th  America,  althoiij;li  several  species  of  true  r»/.),  as 
well  as  other  fresh-water  molliisean  forms,  are  froipieiiily  Ibniid  in  those 
iloposits.  Notwithsl.iiidiiijj'  the  fact  that  so  few  of  the  remains  of  Ano- 
donta have  been  discovered,  it  cannot  be  doubted  that  it  was  coiitinn- 
<»usly  roiiresented  iiy  ditfereiit  siiccies  from  at  least  as  early  a  jieriod  as 
tho  Laramie  down  to  the  present  time,  t 

Ifetiiiiiin^'  a.uaiii  to  the  f-cnns  I'nio,  we  tind  it  rom.irkably  well  repre- 
sented in  the  strata  of  the  Laramie  (ironiiaiid  those  of  the  i edialoly 

siieceediiiji-  fresh-water  lOoeene  Tertiary  {-rouiis. 

That  division  of  the  LaraniieCroitp  which  is  known  as  the  liear  K'iver 

"An.  K.'|(.  I',  s.  (iiMiI.  Snr.  TiTi-.  for  1878.  I'an  J,  p.  liii,  pi.  ^1,  i\<x.  -j, 
t  All.  Uo|i.  r.  ,s,  (i(.(.l.  ,'<iir.  'I'crr.  foi-  1878,  I'urt  I,  p.  (ij,  pi.  -ji,  lijr.  ;i. 
}S<'c  icfiTcnc.'  to  .liindoiiUi  dvviirl,ila,Vinnat\,  under  llie  licad  of  spmions  and  doiil)t- 
ful  species. 


:  ■! 


1      ;  l| 


! 


24 


NON-MARINK    FOSSIL    MOLLTTSCA. 


beds,  and  which  is  liottt'r  known  in  Sonlliwcstt'iii  Wyoming  and  the 
adJiUMMit  parts  of  Utah  than  flscwliciv,  is  probably  sonu'what  farlier  in 
its  origin  thiin  tliosc  divisions  ol'  the  tjroui)  wiiich  occnr  in  otlior  |)oi'- 
tions  of  that  j^reat  wcsttTii  royioii.*  Tiiort't'oro  tho  two  species  of  Unto 
wiiich  those  strata  have  fiin.isl  ed  may  i)e  pioix-rly  lirst  (M»nsidered. 

One  of  these  sjjccies,  wiiicli  is  represented  on  JMate  ti,  is  interest- 
injj  as  the  type  of  what  was  rciiiinh'd  by  Mr.  Meei<,  w ho  (h-scribed  tlie 
species  under  tlie  name  of  ('«/<»  hcUiplhuiiiiK,]  as  a  distinct  subordi- 
nate type  of  Vuio,  to  wliich  lu'  snbsecpu'utly  yave  the  sui>;;eneri(t  nanu' 
of  Lmophiinis. I  As  this  si>ecies  lias  the  true  liinj;e  structure, pallial  and 
muscular  markings,  and  ordinary  external  form  of  Vuio,  its  assumed 
typo  characteristics  consist  only  of  its  peculiar  style  of  s'rfacejdicatio'n. 
It  may  well  be  ([uestioned  whether  this  feature  is  sullicient  to  base  a 
subgeneric  distinction  ujion,  especially  as  the  bent  plications  seem  to 
consist  essentially  of  a  bleiidiiifi'  of  small  concentric  I'olds,  which  are 
developed  only  near  the  Iwaks,  with  radiating  folds,  both  of  which  are 
respectively  found  upon  various  other  species  of  Unio. 

The  other  sjiecies  which  has  been  referred  to  as  occurring  in  the  Hear 
Kiver  Laramie  beds,  and  with  wlii»;h  /'.  hclliiilicatn.s  is  usually  associ- 
ated, is  IJ^nio  cclKntiin  ]SIeek,§  which  is  ligured  upon  I'late  7.  This 
species  has  an  external  form  somewhat  similar  to  that  of  U.  bcllipli- 
calitx,  but  its  surface  is  jdaiu,  except  that  a  few  more  or  less  distinct 
concentric  wrinkles  are  usually  observable  upon  the  beaks;  and  some- 
times one  or  two  faint  radiating  raised  lines  apjtear  upon  each  side  of  the 
postero-dorsal  i)ortion.  IJoth  specties  have  all  the  characteristics  of  true 
Unio  well  deveh)i)ed,  and  both  have  the  front  shorter  than  is  usual 
among  living  species  of  that  geuis  which  have  a  like  transversely  oval 
outline.  In  the  latter  feature  they  agree  with  other  I'ossil  species,  wliich 
are  i)resently  to  be  noticed. 

Those  strata  belonging  to  the  great  Laramie  gioup,  which  are  some- 
what extensively  <leveloped  in  the  I'ppi'r  Missiouri  Iliver  region,  and 
which  have  become  jenerally  known  as  the  Judith  Hiver  beds,  have 
furnished  a  considerable  number  of  species  of  Unio,  besides  one  sjiecies 
of  Auoilonta,  which  has  already  been  mentioned. 

All  the  species  of  Unio  noticed  in  this  article,  especially  those  of  the 
Laramie  and  freshwater  lM)cene  groups,  may  be  divided  into  several 
natural  sections,  each  section  representing  a  subordinate  type  of  I'nio, 
wliich,  with  one  doubtfid  exception  jiresently  to  be  noticed,  has  repre- 


•Tliis  mij^s''"*'""  t'l'i*'  tilt"  Hear  Kivcr  Imm'.s  ivri!  older  thiiii  tlic  otimr  jtortioiis  of  the 
Lariiiiiie  Group  is  not  made  wit lu'iil  ire  con rideiice.  It  is  l)iised  wlioll.v  upon  tlie};reater 
dissiuiilarity  lliaf  appears  l)et\veeu  llie  fauna  of  tlu"  forniei'  tliau  tlial  of  llie  latter 
wlien  liotli  ari^  eoinpared  willi  living  inollusea.  This  clissiniilnrity  nia.v,  of  course,  bo 
due  tootlier  causes  tliau  tlie  supposed  {jri'atcr  leu;;!  h  of  time  since  the  existence  of  the 
Bear  River  fauna  than  has  passed  since  that  oi  the  other  portionti  of  the  Laramie 
group  waaliviu;;. 

tGeol.  Siir.  tmli  rarallel,  Vol.  iv,  p.  Uio,  pi.  xvi,  ti'^.  1. 

tSee  U.S.  Getd.Sur.  Terr.,  V(d.  ix.  p.  r>V). 

{Geol.  Sur.  40lli  Parallel,  Vol.  iv,  p.  I(i4,  pi.  XVI,  Ug.  5. 


^^^z 


WlllTK.] 


ANNOTATKP    CATALOGUE. 


25 


sentativos  now  liviiijj  in  the  waU'is  of  the  Mississippi  draiiiafre  system. 
These  types  oC  living;  Kniones,  \vlii(  li  have  siieli  welldoliiied  represent- 
atives anions  tlie  lossii  species  of  the  Laiaiiiio  Gronp,  are  anioiij;'  those 
which,  bein;;-  (characteristic  of  the  niolhisoiin  fauna  of  the  ]\Iississipi»i 
drainage  system,  iiave  come  to  be  {jenerally  known  as  "  Nortii  Ameri- 
can tyi)es  of  I'liio."'  So  iinmistakabh-  is  their  relationshij)  that  no  rea- 
sonable doubt  <'an  be  entertained  tluit  tiie  fossil,  represent  tlie  livinfj 
forms  ancestrally. 

In  only  one  ])articular,  if  we  except  the  i)ecidiar  jilication  of  I'. 
I)cllil)llc((tiis,  do  any  of  the  fossil  sjiccies  of  J7nio  of  Laramie  or  Tertiary 
aji'c  assume  a  characteristic  which  is  either  not  present  or  not  cleaily 
reco^iiii/able  in  any  liviu}*-  species  amon^--  North  American  Uniones. 
This  e.\cei>ted  characteristic  consists  in  the  extreme  shorteninji  of  the 
shell  in  front  of  the  beaks  in  certain  of  the  species  which  have  also  a 
(considerable  transverse  elonjiation  and  an  ai)proximately  oval  outline; 
that  is,  instead  of  Iiavin;;-  the  beaks  situated  near,  or  only  a  little  in 
advance  of,  the  mid-leiifith  of  the  dorsal  border,  as  they  are  in  all  the 
liviufj  oval  and  some  of  the  shorter  forms,  the  beaks  in  the  case  of  the 
fossil  forms  in  (piestiou  are  i)laccd  very  near  to  the  front.  Short  forms 
of  U»io,  of  livinji'  as  well  as  i'ossil  species,  have  their  beaks  ])laced  thus 
far  forward,  but  attention  is  called  to  the  fact  that  it  is  only  in  the  fossil 
sp(M'ies  that  this  ])ccnliarity  has  been  observed  in  connection  with  s';'.:li 
shells  as  are  much  cloujintcd  transversely.  A  liviiif;  species,  v.hich  per- 
haps more  nearly  than  any  other  approacluis  in  this  respect  the  fossil 
species  referred  to,  is  ('.  rhints  Lamarck,  which  i.i  a  comnKni  shell  in 
the  Ohio  liiver  and  its  trii)utaries.  Hut  this  species  is,  in  reality, 
oidy  one  of  the  short  subtrianj;ular  forms,  which  is  a  little  nune  than 
usually  elounate. 

The  lliio  si'hsii(ifiil<ifii.s  of  .Meek  &  JJayden,*  from  the  Judith  Kiver 
beds,  whi(;h  is  illustrated  on  Plate  14,  may  be  taken  as  an  examide  of 
an  eloufrate  shell  with  a  shortened  front,  such  as  has  been  referred  to. 
In  this  case,  however,  there  is  an  unusual  narrowing;'  of  the  shell  pos- 
teriorly. 

Associated  with  I'.  KiihsptitiihitKs,  and  closely  related  to  it,  is  another 
form  which  was  described  by  the  same  authors  under  the  name  of  Ciiio 
f/«Hfc,t  and  which  is  represented  on  Plate  17.  This  sjjecies  has  also 
been  somewhat  doubtfully  idcntilic^l  in  the  Laramie  strata  of  Southern 
^^'.v in;:,  further  mention  of  which  fact  is  made  cm  a  folh.wiuin-  jia^e 

Two  other  species  have  been  obtained  from  the  .Judith  Ifiver  beds, 

nanu'ly,''r»/()    (kinydiuiK  Meek  iK:  Ilayden.f    and     I',  vviiptorlninvhus 

\Vhite,§  both  of  which  possess  the  shortened  front  in  connection  with 

^.     a  trausveiscly  oval  outliiu',  which  features  have  already  been  discussed. 

*  I'.  S.  (;c<)l.  Sur.  Till.,  vol.  ix.ii.  .'ilf*,  j)1.41.1ig.  1. 

1 1'.  S.  Gcol.  Siir.  Ti'ii-,,  vol.  ix ,  )>.  .'•>17,  jil.  II,  I'lK-  '^^■ 

X  U.  S.  Oeol.  Siir.  Terr.,  vol.  ix,  p.  ,")11»,  pi.  41,  lijr.  a. 

$  An.  Roj).  U.  S.  Gcol.  Siir.  Terr.,  for  1678,  Purt  I,  p.  G8,  pi.  24,  fig.  1. 


!    I  r 


I        I 


1 


26 


NON-MARINK    FOSSH,    MOM.USCA. 


•>4^   • 


Those  two  species  arc  reproseiited  on  Plates  17  aud  14  respectively. 
Some  iini»eireet  s])e(;iiiieiis  of  a  form  that  seems  to  be  si»ociflcally  identical 
with  i\  cniptorlijinclius  have  also  been  <liscovered  in  the  Laramie  strata 
at  lUacI;  Hiittes  station.  The  correctness  of  this  ideiititication  is  ren- 
dered tlie  more  pr(d)able,  because  of  simili'.r  identification  of  other  mol-  . 
liisciiii  sjx'cies  in  both  re^iions,  one  of  which  has  already  been  mentioned.      ^^^  ^.^K».e-liji 

<!f  the  IJniones  tliat  iire   vet  known  from  the  Judith  Kiver  l)e«ls,  two  " 

species    remain    to  be  noticed  namely,    V.  \tr\nHVfm   and    V.  seiurlm 
White,*  whicii  are  represented  on  plates  14  and  lit  resi»ectively. 

These  two  species  dilVer  much  in  external  form,  but  both  are  marked 
by  sniidl  rnj^ose  plications  njion  the  i)osti'ro-dorsal  portion  of  the  siir 
face,  a  fcatnri!  wliich  is  not  unusual  amonjj  livinjjr  North  American 
species  of  ITnio,  but  wiiich  is  possessed  by  few  of  the  known  fossil 
species. 

The  aspect  of  these  shells  is  so  sug;;estive  of  certain  features  pre- 
sented by  s(»me  of  the  living  forms  of  Unio  just  referred  to,  that  it  is 
only  their  fossilized  condition  which  at  lirst  view  conveys  to  the  mind 
iin  im]>ression  of  their  great  anticpiity. 

One  other  species,  I'liio  j))iscitii  ^leek  &  Hayden,!  has  also  been  ob- 
tiiined  from  the  Laramie  striita  of  the  Upi)er  Missouri  Ifiver  region; 
but  this  one  is  (rom  the  F<»rt  Union  beds  which  occur  i  i  a  ])art  of  tlu.t 
great  region  which  lies  far  to  the  eastward  of  that  in  whicli  the  .Judith 
liiver  beds  are  found.  Tiiis  species  is  of  an  ordinary  oval  outline,  with 
a  moderately  short  front,  but  without  any  noteworthy  jtecnliarities.  It 
is  rei»resenteil  on  IMate  14  by  a  copy  of  Mr.  Meek's  original  figure. 

In  a  single  stratum  of  the  Laramie  (Ironp  at  IJlack  liuttes  station,  in 
Southern  Wyiuiiing,  nearl.v  a  dozen  sjiccies  of  Th/o  have  been  found, 
among  which  are  some  of  the  most  interesting  fossil  forms  of  that 
genus  that  hitve  ever  been  discovered.  Some  of  these  species  have  the 
l)eculiarly  siiortened  front,  together  with  a  transversely  oval  form,  of 
which  mention  has  already  been  made:  iait  in  their  general  character- 
istics others  of  them  are  ]»eculiarly  like  ceitain  forms  that  are  now  liv- 
ing in  the  waters  of  the  ."Mississij)]!!  drainage  system. 

Among  tliese  species  from  the  Ulack  IJuttes  hxiality  is  I'nio  coiirsii, 
White,!  tile  largest  species  of  that  genus  which  has  ever  been  Ibuiid  in 
Nortii  American  strain.  It  is  reiuesented  on  Plate  Hi.  its  large  size, 
massive  test,  and  general  asjjcct  strongly  recall  certain  of  the  large 
f'nioues  that  are  found  living  in  the  waters  of  the  Wabash  and  other 
rivers  of  the  Mississipjii  drainage  system. 

Associated  with  Ct'oiiesiiis  another  species,  whicli  is  nearly  as  large, 
but  of  dillerent  form,  Uiimely,  U.  eiidlichi  White,§  which  is  reju'esented 
on  IMate  l.">. 

•All.  Krp.  Siir.  Tcir.  lor  l^T-^,  I'liil  I,  iip.  (lit,  7(1,  pi.  aO,  fig.  :i,  iiml  pi.  2B,  fig.  1. 

til,  S.  (ii'rij.  Siir.  TfiT.,  vol.  is,  |i.  .")!(!,  jil.  4'.l,  11;;.  i^. 

tAii.  licp.  U.  S.  (icol.  .Siir.  Terr.,  for  I'^TS,  IJait  I,  p.  (it,  pi.  -^7,  tig.  1. 

^  Au.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  Terr.,  for  1878,  Part  I,  p.  (Hi,  pi.  a(i,  fig.  1. 


WIIITH.  1 


AXNOTATKI)    CATALOOUE. 


27 


/(/.  4€^^ 


"i\w  shells  of  Itotli  these  laiKt'  species  are  strong  and  massive,  and 
both  have  stmii;;  ami  well  developed  eardinal  and  lateral  teeth,  siieli  as 
are  observable  upon  the  shells  of  the  larp'  livinj^-  river  Uniones. 

The  other  speeies  of  r*(/V)  that  have  been  obtained  from  the  Hlaek 
Jbittes  loealily  hav<'  all  been  describe<l  by  me  under  the  following 
names  respectively:  Vuh)  i)n>i)lieticiis,  I'.  hritrlii/opisfliKs,  I',  iirdttritiin, 
r.  (ililrirhi,  r.  j/oindiiilioiKitKS,  ('.  Iiolmcsidinin,  and  a  Ibrm  which  I  have 
doid)tfnlly  referred  to  the  U.  lUtnw  of  Meek  tS:  Ilayden*  has  also  been 
obtained  there.  These  sevi-n  species  are  represented  by  appropriate 
lignres  iijion  Plates  I. 'J,  b"),  K!,  and  10.  They  cannot  fail  to  beesi»eeial!y 
interesting  to  those  who  are  familiar  with  tlie  Unione  fauna  of  tlie 
]Mississi)ipi  drainage  system. 

The  form  which  is  reiuesented  by  ligures  1  and  2,  on  I'late  IS,  has 
already  been  referretl  to  as  having  been  doubtfully  identitied  with 
Unh  (htinv,  the  ty|)e  specinu'iisof  which  si)eeies  were  obtained  by  Meek 
&  Ilayden  from  the  .luditli  liiver  beds  of  the  l.pper  ^Missouri  River 
region.  Ir  is  not  im]»robable  that  further  comjtarison  will  make  it 
necessary  to  regard  the  IMack  I'.uttes  form  as  a  <listiiu't  speeies. 

In  soiiie  respects,  at  least,  the  most  interesting  of  these  fossil  speeies 
of  Unin  is  U.  holmcsinniix  White.  It  is  especially  noteworthy  as  indi- 
cating, in  connection  with  its  associates,  the  wide  diversity  of  subordi- 
nate tyjx's  that  the  genus  Un'nt  had  attained  in  tlicLaranne  jjcriod,  and 
also  as  allbrding  a  tine  fo.ssil  example  of  one  of  the  most  characteristic 
Hubordiuate  tyjtes  of  TJnio  that  are  now  pecidiar  to  North  American 
lluvatilc  waters. 

I'liio  i/onionotiin  Whitet  is  illustrated  on  I'late  i;3.  It  was  discov- 
eied,  by  I'rofes.sor  Towcll,  in  the- Laramie  strata  of  Honthern  Utah, 
where  alone  any  sjteeimens  of  the  species  have  y«'t  been  found.  It  is 
an  interesting  form,  especially  because  of  the  strong  plications  which 
it  bears,  and  which  are  similar  to  those  that  characterize  various  living 
species,  and  also  because  it  jxissesses  the  excessively  shortened  front 
which  has  before  been  noticed  as  chara<'terizing  other  fossil  (Tnioiu's. 

Only  one  other  species  of  /';(/(),  which  is  referred  to  the  Larauue 
(■roup,  remains  lo  be  noticed  by  name  in  this  article;  but.  Judging 
from  vaiious  fragments  that  have  been  found  at  ditfereut  localities,  it  is 
(|inte  certain  that  several,  perhai)s  nmny,  other  si)eeies  exist  there.  In- 
deed, the  known  wide  diversity  of  type  that  the  genus  I'liio  had  attained 
during  the  Laiamie  |)eriod  seems  necessarily  to  imply  that  a  greater  num- 
ber of  specii'lc  forms  then  existed  than  have  yet  been  discoveied. 

The  species  last  r«'ferred  to,  and  which  is  illustrated  on  Plate  IS,  I 
have  <lescril)ed  under  the  name  of   Uuio  mcmla.v.l     Specimens  of  it 


*  Kor  oirgiiiiil  ili'seri|itioiis  and  I'lunrcs  of  tlioso  Hcvon  forms  sci-  An.  Rep.  U.  S.  (Scol. 
Sur.  'rcn-.  (ill-  ISTS,  I'int  I,  pp.  G2-i\S,  ]il.  d'.',  aO,  -JT,  imd  'JO. 

t An.  K'rp.  f.  .s.  Oiol.  Snr.  Terr,  for  1878,  Part  I,  ]).  71,  ]i\.  26,  tig.  2. 
tBull.  V.  S.  (icol.  Sur.  Terr.,  vol.  iii,  p.  COS. 


,,   li 


t    ii  i 


28 


NON-MARINK    FOSSIL    MOLLUSCA. 


Hi 


I     ! 


liavo  been  collectt'd,  by  Profossor  I'owell,  from  certain  .'trata  in  the 
(/iifion  <>r  Desohition,  aiitl  otiiers,  by  one  of  the  parties  under  Lieuten- 
ant Wiieeler,  fioiii  the  eoalbeariii};  strata  at  Wah'S,  Utali,  all  of  whieh 
probably  l)(>h)n;j'  to  llii'  upper  ]iortion  of  tiu^  liaraniie  Group.  Tlie  Hpeei- 
nu'iis  obtained  at  Wales  witc  erroneously  referred  by  ine  to  U.  retitslUH 
Alei'k.*  \vhi(!h  species  /'.  mvHdtt.v  resembles  in  eertain  ]mrtieulars. 

In  the  iCocciii'  fresh-water  dejiosits,  which  immediately  sueeeeded  the 
liaraniie,  several  species  of  (Jiiio  hav(>  been  Ibuinl;  and  it  is  a  note 
\v(nthy  fact  that  while  there  was  f;reat  diversity  of  form  and  <M»nsidei'- 
able  diversity  of  surface  ornamentation  anions  the  species  of  I'liio  that 
existed  in  the  Laramie  jteriod,  all  tlu^  species  of  that  j^einis  which  have 
yet  been  found  in  the  ]tiuely  fresh-water  Kocene  dejiosits  Jiave  a  trans- 
versely oval  form  and  plain  surtiUH';  that  is,  theic  are  amouf;  the  latt»'r 
no  short  forms,  like  several  of  tliose  of  the  Laramie  (iron))  and  many 
amon^  livin;^  species,  and  none  of  them  have  the  surface  imirk«>il  by 
])licatious,  ruj^a-,  or  pustules;  nor  are  they  marked  in  any  other  manner 
except  by  the  ordinai'y  couceiitric  lines  of  <irowtli.  Most  (»f  these  oval 
shells  also  have  the  beaks  |»laced  at  least  a  moderate  distam-e  from  the 
front,  as  is  usual  in  the  case  of  liviu};'  species  of  oval  form;  but  one  of 
them  at  least  jtossesses  a  sluntened  front,  like  that  of  seveial  of  the 
Luiones  of  the  Laramie  Group  whieh  have  already  been  noticed. 

The  sjH'cies  referred  to  is  l')iii)  rliiiopixlluiH  White,  which  is  described 
and  lij>ured  for  the  lirst  time,  as  lblh>ws:  i'iiii>  rliiiojniitliiis  (sp.  nov.), 
Plate  L'S,  Fi<j;s.  1  an<l  2.  Shell  transversely  elonjrate,  short  in  fnmt  of 
the  oeaks,  ehuifjate  and  narrowiufj;  behind  them  to  the  posterior  eml; 
basal  marfiiu  havinfj;  a  fjentle  sinuosity,  there  beiny;  a  sli};ht  ennuyina- 
tion  just  behind  the  midleu^tii;  fr(uit  margin  re^uhniy  roinided;  dor- 
.sal  margin  proper  rather  short;  ])ostero-dorsal  niar^'n  ftMUiin;;' a  Ion;;, 
convex,  downward  slope  from  the  doisal  to  the  jiostero-basal  margin, 
which  latter  marjiin  is  narrowly  xouiuled;  "lieaks  depressed  and  jdaced 
near  the  front  of  the  shell.  A  somewhat  ]>rominent,  but  not  sharjdy 
♦le'uM'd,  uuibonal  rid^ic  extends  from  the  iteak  of  each  valv«'  to  the 
j)ostero-basal  mar;;iu.  f^ivinj^  a  llattem-d  space  at  the  jiostero-dorsal  por- 
tion of  each  valve.     Surl'ace  marked  only  by  concentric  liiu's  of  j;rowth. 

Leufi'th,  (».'{  millimeters;  heifjlit. .'«)  millimeters;  thiekn«'ss,  both  valves 
toj-ether,  L'.J  millimeters. 

This  species  was  (!ollecte<lby  Dr.  Haych^i  from  the  fresh-water  Kocene 
strata,  near  Washakie  Station,  in  Scnithern  Wyomiufr. 

Another  spe(ries,  «|uite  a  large  one,  to  whieh  1  have  jjiven  the  name 
of  Uiiio  Mrrbii.  chanjiiiij;'  it  from  /'.  Icid  Meek,  "hicli  name  was  pre- 
oc(!npied,  was  <)l)taincd  by  Dr.  Ilaydeu  fidinthe  Uridfjeriiroup  of  South- 
ern Wyoming.  This  form  is  yet  km)wn  only  by  fragments  and  natural 
casts  of  the  interior;  but   it  is  known  to  have  been  a  large,  plain  shell 

•Kxpl.  and  (<ur.  West  of  the  lOUth  Meriil.,  vol.  iv,  p.  -jaj,  pi.  XXII,  lif.  Vi,  n,  b,  c, 
uud  d. 


ANNOTATKI)    CATAKOOUK. 


29 


ol'  transviTscly  oval  oiitliiu',  mid  liiiviiifi  llic iiiiti'iior  iiortion  intlier .short 
ill  front  of  tilt'  lit'iiU.s.* 

Tlic  rt'iiiaiiiiiif;  tlirt'c  tsiK-cit's  of  i'nio  vet  to  ln'  noticed  iiw  all  of  the 
Miniple  oloiipiti',  or  traiLsvcrst-ly  oval  form,  so  common  ainoiiff  living 
rt'j)rcscntativo.s  of  the  {•enns. 

The  Hist  is  if.  shoslioneiinifi  \Vliitc,t  which  is  lijiurcd  on  I'late  L'S. 
Sliceiiiu'iis  of  it  have  been  found  at  vari(»iis  localities  in  Soiithorn  W'y- 
oniinj;  and  the  adjacent  parts  of  Colorado  and  I'tah,  in  the  Wahsatch 
(Iroup  of  freshwater  Jiocene  strata  there. 

The  next  is  U.  iranli(ikwii.iiK  Meck.l  which  is  liyiire<l  on  Plate  28,  and 
which  has  a  similar  i-eoyraphica!  raiijic  and  {icolo-jical  i)osition.  It 
seems  also  to  raiifje  upward  into  the  Ijiid^icr  (iroiij*. 

The  third  and  last  is  f.  hmidcui  Meck,§  which  is  represented  on 
J'late  28.    This  species  closely  reseinldes  I',  .shoslnnivn.sis  in  external 

form,  but  it  is  a  thinner  and  more  delicate  shell,  w  ith  a  re  slender 

hinge.  It  also  comes  from  a  dill'ercnt  group  of  strata.  Itisiiot  iniiirob- 
able  that  L\  hnydiiii  is  identical  with  the.  spetnes  that  was  described 
by  Hall  under  the  name  of  Mi/tt  /<'///«o/(/(',v.||  For  purjKhses  of  compar- 
i.sou  1'rofe.ssor  Hall's  juincipal  ligiire  of  that  Ibriii  is  co|»ied  on  Plate 
28. 

Although  there  are  fro.sh-water  de]»osits  of  consideiable  extent  in 
Western  North  America  of  later  date  than  tiie  ICoceiu!  Tertiary  eiiocli 
which  have  furnished  numerous  vertebrate,  and  a  few  moiluscan  remains, 
ii«)  I'niones,  and  only  a  few  other  bivalvt^  species,  wlii.rh  are  referred  to 
Si>ha:niim,  have  been  found  in  any  of  them.  In  a  few  instances,  some 
IJniones  have  been  discovered  in  certain  Post-Terliaiy  deposits,  but  as 
they  have  all  been  referred  to  living  species,  they  do  not  come  within 
the  scope  of  this  article.1l 

<  vi;i:mi>.i:. 

The  gcoh)gi<'al  history  of  the  Cyrenida'  of  North  America,  as  it  is  at 
present  known,  begins  with  the  earliest  «'poeh  of  the  t.'rctaceous;  but  it 
was  no  doubt  actually  introduced  much  earlier. 

The  family  has  apparently  never  Ibrmed  a  very  i»rominent  lea  lure  of 
any  moiluscan  fauna,  either  marine  ov  noii  imuiiie,  in  any  of  the  geo- 
logical periods,  except  that  of  the  Laiiiniie,  siiuH!  its  introduction.  In 
this  jieriod  there  was  so  extraordinary  a  development  of  the  genus  Cor- 

"This  spcu's  is  <lcficrilH'<l,uii(l  ii  CiiNt  of  oik'  v;ilvf  liKHicd  in  An.  Kcii.  l'.  .S.  Uonl. 
Suf.  T.'iT.,  Inr  1H78,  I'art  I,  j).  4;{,  pi.  \'J,  lij;.  1.  Owin-  \u  ilic  iniiinlVclion  of  ali  tlio 
siicciinciLs  of  this  species  tbiit  liiivu  yi  t  l)efn  discovcied,  no  limine  of  it  is  given  iu 
this  article. 

t  An.  Hep.  ir,  S.  (ieol.  Urn:  Terr.,  for  IH78.  Part  I.  ji.  41,  pi.  lit,  tig.  2. 

tAn.  IJep.  IT.  S.  tied.  .Siu-.  Terr.,  for  1878,  I'art  1,  p.  4-^  pi.  lt>,  lig.  3. 

SS  Simpson's  Ueport  Great  Hasin  of  Utah,  p.  ;i(i4,  pi.  .">,  lig.  11. 

II  Fremont's  Uep.  Oregon  and  N.  California,  p.  307,  i>l.  iji,  ligs.  1  and  -J. 

HForau  interesting  discovery  of  this  kind,  by  Prof.  .John  Collett,  in  Indiana,  see 
7th  An.  Report  Geol.  Sur.  IncUaua,  p.  240.  See  also,  on  a  following  page,  n^marks  on 
spurious  and  doubtful  species. 


30 


M)\-MA1{INH    I'OS.SIh  -.VOLLUSCA. 


!    I 


bicula  as  lo  ^ivt-  an  iiiiinfssion  to  tliu  cuMial  ohscrvor  that  the  liiinily 
thfii  ivacht'tl  a  culiniiiatioii,  litit  it  was  in  reality  a  eiiliiiiiiation  of  the 
genus  i'lirhiciila  only. 

In  the  Cretaceons  strata  of  the  western  i)art  ol'  I  lie  continent  several 
Mpoeies  iielonjiiny;  to  tht  ("yienithe  hav«'  i»een  diseovend,  ail  ol'  wliieh 
lire  referred  totlu'  ^•eniis  ('///•<'«•»  as(li.stin;;nislie»l  from  CorhiriilK.*  Only 
two  of  thes«'  species,  however,  are  regarded  as  eoniin;;  within  liie  scojte 
of  this  article,  beeansi^  all  tlie  others  are  lonial  to  lie  associated  with 
such  forms  as  are  re;;'arded  as  indieatin;;  a  marine  lialtitat,  while  those 
tw«>  si)ecies  are  associated  with  non -marine  tbrms.  Altlion;;li  in  theCre- 
tacious  period  the  {jeniis  Cjimui  was  established  with  all  its  distinctive 
ehara(^teristies,  as  they  are  at  present  kiw>wn,  and  was  it'i>resented  l>y 
several  known  species  in  the  southern  portion  of  North  America,  with 
«)ne  or  two  exee]itions  the  genus  has  not  Iteeii  recognized  in  strata  of  any 
geological  period  since  the  Cretaceous. 

And  again,  although  the  genus  CorhicuUi  I'oiined  soconspieiuuis  a  fea- 
ture of  the  faiimi  of  the  Laramie  iieriod,  it  is  at  present  not  known  to 
occur  in  any  Ncuth  American  strata  of  either  earlier  or  later  date  than 
tlnit  period;  if  we  except  the  C.  tniiicitd  of  I'rime.  which  is  understood 
to  be  of  doubtfid  authenticity.  These  facts  are  signilicant  as  regards 
the  genetic;  history  of  the  family,  and  show,  among  other  things,  that 
our  knowledge  of  that  iiistory  is  far  from  compleli . 
•  The  earlier  of  the  two  non-marine  fossil  species  of  LUirenii  that  have 
Just  been  referred  to,  is  <J.  <h(hotc)ixi.s  Meek  <S:  Ilayden,t  which  has  al- 
leady  been  mentioned  on  a  previous  jiage  as  an  associate  ol'  Mdn/ini- 
tuna  iwbrnHccnsis  in  strata  (tf  the  Dakota  (Iroup  in  .Southeastern  Dakota. 
If  is  lepreseuted  on  IMate  4  by  co|»ies  .if  Mr.  Meek's  original  ligiiics. 

The  other  sj)eeies  is  Cjiniin  cio-litoni  .Meek, J  w hich  is  represented  (>n 
i'late  ."),  and  which  was  dis<'ov»'red  by  -Mr.  INleek  in  the  ('r«'tace()us 
estuary  tleposit  at  (Joalville,  I'tali,  wliieh  has  already  been  mentioned  in 
connection  with  remarks  upon  Aiioiiiia  proixiturin.  The  only  examples 
of  this  species  that  have  been  discovered  are  small  and  delicate,  aiul  it 
is  probable  that  they  are  all  young  shells. 

Although  the  family  Cyrenida-  has  evidently  become  well  established 
in  lluM'stnary  and  marine  waU'rs  of  the  Cretaceous  jieriod,  at  least  by 
its  typical  genus  i'yrenn,  it  is  in  the  strata  of  the  Laramie  (iroiip,  as  be- 
fore stated,  that  we  find  evidence  of  its  greatest  develoimient, especially 
as  regards  the  genus  Corhicida.  Among  the  fossil  forms  of  that  genus 
which  the  Laramii;  (Iroup  has  furnished,  three  sci^tions  or  subgenera  are 
recognized,  two  of  which  have  become  extinct. 

IJeginning  with  the  IJear  L'iver  beds  of  the  Laramie  dronp,  which  are 
perhaps  somew  hat  earlier  than  the  other  known  portions  of  the  group, 


*  For  ri'miirkN  on  tbcso  goiicra,  by  Mr.  Mi'ck,  sia^  IT.  S.  Gcol.  Siir.  Terr.,  vol.  ix,  p. 
157. 

tU.  S.  Gi'ol.  Siir.  Ten-.,  vol.  ix,  |i.  hVJ,  pi.  1,  lig.  1. 

t  An.  Rep.  v.  !S.  Ofol.  Siir,  Terr,  lor  IrilH,  I'urt  I,  p.  -.iO,  pi.  l)i,  llg.  16. 


will  IK  I 


ANNOTATKI)    ( 'A'l'AI.<)(Jl'i:. 


81 


Us:,  ^M- 


wo  lliid  ill  Soiitliwt'sd'ni  Wyoiiiiii;:.  iiiiil  (lie  iMijiici'iit  piiits  (if  I'liili.oiic 
Hpccit's  (if  Corhicuht  wliii-li  is  iiitcii'stiii};-  us  licinn  llic  l.viii- of  a  scftioii 
oC  tliiit  m'uws  lorwliich  .Mr.  Mcciv  pit  (posed  llic  siihyciiciir  iiaiiii-  of  1> 
loriliiiii.*  'I'liis  Mpcclcs,  wiiicli  lie  (Icsci'llu'd  iiiidcr  tiir  iiiiiiii' of  Curliiv- 
iiUi  {  VchiriliiKi)  <hirl>c('i,\  is  icprcsciitt'd  on  I'ialc  S. 

Two  species  of  Corhicitlti  were  deserihed  l».v  Meek  \  lla.vdtii  iVoiii  I  lie  /^^^<»tU^/e^^' 
.liiditli  liiver  beds  of  the  I'pper  Missouri  Kiver  rejjioii,  under  liie  names 
respectively  of  ('.  riilhcrijhrmis  and  ('.  oiriilciilnli.s,^  wliicii  are  repre- 
seiite<l  on  Plates  '22  and  '2'.i  re.spectivel.v.  The  tirst  named  species  is 
referred  to  tlie  typical  section  of  the  nenus;  i>nt  the  latter  approaches 
ill  form  the  type  of  the  snlt;;('iiiis  Vilotiliiiii.  ISotii  these  species  lia\e 
also  been  olitaiiied  from  Laramie  strata  of  ISitter  Creek  N'alley  in 
Southern  Wyoiiiin;:-. 

The  form  which  was  deserilied  by  .Meek  troin  that  region,  under  lliu 
name  of  ('.  haniiislrri,  is  re^'iirded  as  identiciil  with  ('.  orridfiitdlis.^  This 
form  is  represented  on  Plate  17. 

Two  other  Ijaramic  si»ecies  of  CofU'wiiln  were  described  by  Meek  iS; 
Ilayden,  from  the  Upper  .Missouri  K'iver  rej;ioii,  both  of  wliicli  are,  how 
e\'er,  from  the  Port  I'nioii  beds.  Tticy  are  respectively  (\  iithrti.snnsis  • 
jiudC^iihclliptivti,  both  of  wlii«;h  iii'e  repr«'seiited  on  Plate  :,'0.  'I'he 
latter  has  been  reeo^ni/.ed  in  the  Laramie  strata  of  Colorado  east  of  the 
Kocky  .Alouiitains.  It  was  leferred  by  .Mr.  3Ieck  to  his  siib^fniis  /,</>- 
trsihcs.W 

It  seems  not  improbable  that  C.  iirhraxveiisis  is  only  a  yoiin.u  example 
of  V.  ei/thcrijormis,  but  as  that  ipiestion  is  not  yet  settled,  the  former  is 
liere  treated  as  a  distinct  species  as  well  as  the  latter. 

The  Laramie  strata  east  of  the  Kocky  .Moninains  in  Colorado,  which 
were  by  Dr.  ILiydeii  desi<;nated  as  the  Lijiiiitic  (ironp,  have  been  found 
in  several  localities  lo  be  esi»ecially  ii<'li  in  Corhiciila.  A  part  of  these! 
species  are  referable  t<»  the  typical  section  of  the  ^ciiiis  and  a  part  lo 
the  snbj;eniis  Lrptv.stlien.  To  the  latter  sub;:;eiius  beloiif;'  ('.  KHlicUiplhn 
Meek  &  Ilayden,  C.  macroiiintliti  White,  ('.  iildiinitihoini  .Meek,  and  ('. 
r(ir<lini<rfor»iis  \Vliite;11  all  of  which  iire  ti^iiircd  on  Plates  L'l  and  I".'. 

Since  the  last-named  form  was  published  niimeroiis  other  examples 
have  been  discovered  which  make  it  probable  that  if  should  i»c  re;;arded 
as  a  variety  of  C./ractn  Meek. 

Other  piililished  species  found  in  tliii  valley  of  South  Platte,  and  its 
tributaries  in  Colorado,  are  V.  clcbiinii  and  C.  olw.sa  AVliite,**  which  are 
tiji'iired  on  Plates  lit)  and  li.J  resjiectively. 

"Sec  f.  S.  (ii'ol.  Sur.  Ten'.,  Vol.  ix,  p.  Kit,  lor  a  (li!ip;iio.sis  of  lliis  .siiliircniis. 

tU.  S.  Gi'ol.  Siir.  lOlli  iiiiralli'l,  vol.  iv,  p.  1(17,  pi.  hi,  li;;. (!. 

tCS.  Oiol.  Till'.,  vol.  ix,  pi)..VJO,  5-.>l,  pi.  Id,  ih^H.  ;")  audi!.  Also,  An,  l{i"p,  U.  S. 
Geol.  Siir.  Torr.  for  1878,  Part  I,  pp.  7-1,  7.">,  pi.  -Jl. 

i  Sec  All.  Uop.  i;.  S.  Gfol.  .Siir.  Tcr.  for  l-i78,  I'urt  I,  p.  7."), 

li  Tor  (lingiiosis  of  Ihis  siibsouu.s,  mw  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  Terr.,  vol.  ix.,  ]>.  l(il, 

ITThcso  Hppcirs  are  lU'scribed  and  (iKnro<l  i;i  tlio  An.  Ucp.  I'.  S.  (icol.  Sur.  Terr,  for 
1878,  Piirt  I.     IJi't'criMiccs  arc  al.so  ;;ivcii  tlu'rc  to  (u-ij.;iiial  discriplious. 

"•  See  An.  Rep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  Terr,  for  18",  8,  part  1,  pp.  7;:,  73,  pi.  Zi. 


82 


NON-MAHINK    KOS.SII,    MOLr,USrA. 


Ill  tuhlitioii  to  llu'  six  Npccit's  Isist  iiicntioiicti,  tlu>  tliivt'  wliit'li  iiru  du- 
scrilH'tl  ill  tilt'  I'lilliiwiii;;  |iar;i;<r:iplis  lor  the  lirsl  tiiiit*,  liiiv*-  liccii  tliscov 
»'IT»1  ill  tlio  Lariiiiiic  str:it;i  of  South  I'lultc  \;ili'.v,  ('olonido,  since  tlit« 
loiiiicr  were  piiltlisJH'd. 

Corliivitlit  hrrllioiiili  (sp.  iiov.),  I'liilc  L'l,  li^s.  I,  1,'.  iiiiil  .'{. — Hlicll 
vorv  laryf,  siil>tii;;oiiiil  in  mariniiiiil  oiiIIIih',  inoiiciiitfly  Ki'>'»'">>':  t'oiit 
coiiciiM'  iiiiini'ili.itcly  in  iVont  of  the  i)e:iks;  Ir.iit  in!ii'<;iii  rc^^iilaily 
romiiltMl;  basal  iiiarj^in  hroaill.v  ronndcd;  postcro  liasal  iiiar;^iii  ab- 
ruptly roiiiidiMl  up  to  till'  poslcro-dorsa!  niar;4in,  which  latter  niar;;iii 
8lop«'s  obliiiiiely  downward  with  a  j;entlc  coiivcxily  IVoiii  belwceii  the 
beaks;  liiiiyc  stidii}^;  all  tlie  teeth  well  developed,  the  lateral  ones  espe- 
cially bein^  Ion;;  and  lar;;('  and  (acniilated  upon  their  e<i;;es,  as  is  usual 
with  ail  the  Uiiowii  siiecies  i>\'  I'urhiciilii  ol  the  Laramie  (iroiij*;  iniiscu- 
lar  and  i)allial  iiiqnessioiis  havin;:'  the  usual  cliaractei'istic8;  siiitiu^u 
marked  with  tlie  usual  concentric  lines. 

lA'U;;th  of  one  of  the  Iai';;est  examples  in  the  collections, (iJ  niilliine- 
tei's;  hei^^lit  from  base  to  umbo,  ."il  iiiillimotcrs;  thickness,  both  valves 
to^fether,  H  millimeters. 

This  line  lar;;*'  spcities,  the  lai^icst  yet  known  in  >«ortli  AnK'i'K'a,lias 
boon  found  only  in  the  Laiamie  strata  east  of  the  Kocky  Mountains  in 
Colorado,  k  is  named  in  honor  of  tJajit.  K.  L.  lierthoud,  the  first  dis 
coveier  of  the  rich  shell  deposits  of  the  Laramie  Oroiip  in  that  re;;ioii. 

Coihivuhi  iiiijilicyi  (sp.  iiov.),  I'lato  -1,  li;;s.  I,  ."i,  and  (I. — Shell  moder- 
ately lai;;e,  suli-tetrahedral  in  niaif;inal  outline,  postero-dorsal  rej^ioii 
not  tlattened,  as  in  ('.  hcrtlioinli ;  niuboues  lull,  rounded,  considerably 
elevated  above  the  liin^-cline,  front  re^iularly  rounded;  basal  mar;;iii 
broadly  convex;  jiosterior  end  truncated,  he  direction  of  the  truncated 
iiiar;;in  iisiialty  a  little  backward  of  a  line  drawn  perpendicularly  with 
the  base  of  the  shell;  jtostero  dorsal  mar^^iii  a  little  convex;  liin;;<'  well 
develo]H'd;  muscular  and  pallial  markiu;;s  of  the  usual  character;  sur- 
face marked  by  the  usual  conceiitrii^  lines  of  {growth,  and  usually  by 
very  faint  iimboiial  lid^jes  extending;'  from  the  umbo  to  the  ])ostero- 
tlorsal  and  posterobasal  mar;.;iiis  n'sjicctively  upon  each  \alve. 

Leii;>th  of  ail  adult  example,  Mi  millimeters;  liei<;lit  from  butsu  to  luii- 
bones,.'{,s  millimeters;  thickness,  both  valv<'s  to^icther,  .'id  millimeters. 

This  species  has  yet  been  found  only  in  the  valley  of  South  IMatto 
Uiver,  in  Xoithern  Colorado,  east  of  the  IJocky  Mountains.  It  is  named 
ill  honor  of  Prof.  Samuel  Au;;hey,  of  Nebraska  State  Cnivtiisity,  who 
assisted  me  in  the  collection  of  the  tyjie  specimens. 

Corbicida  umhoneUn*  Meek;  I'late  LM,  Fi^^s.  7,  S,  i»,  and  10. — Shell 
resemblin;;;  C.  ohcm  White,  in  most  respects,  but  it  is  projiortionally 
longer,  the  iimbones  are  fuller  and  more  elevated,  and  iiiioii  the  jxis- 
terior  portion  there  are  uiton  each  valve  two  or  three  indistiiK't  radiat- 
ing rugii'.     Ujiuii  other  parts  tlio  Murfaec  is  uioru  than  usually  smooth. 

"Sso  Bull.  U.  S.  OcdI.  Siir.  Terr.,  See.  Sor.,  Xo.  1,  \i,  44,  wliciv  this  sju'i'lfs  is  named 
but  not  (li'Hcrilx^d. 


ANNOTATKI)    CATA !,()( i IK. 


38 


Lciif^tli.  .'{!»  iiiilliiiictcrs;  liciiiht  Iniiii  Ims*'  to  iiiiilxiiics,  .'M  iiiillinu'tcisj 
thickiu'ss.  hotli  valves  top'tlit-r,  L'(i  millimclfrs. 

Tilt'  liirKC  scries  ol'  eximiples  ol'  all  the  ilesniltcd  species  (if  ('iirl)ici(lu 
that  iiave  been  olttiiiiieil  tVoiii  tlic  l.aiainie  si  rata  cast  <>l  the  Itocky 
]\Iouiitaiiis  ill  Coloiailo  ;;ive  uniiilstakahle  imiicatitiiis  ol'  Keiielie  rela- 
tionship hetweeii  them.  It  has  alread.v  lieeii  stateil  thai  ('.  cKnliiiiir- 
y«»7HM  is  perhaps  only  a  variety  of  (J./nicId;  and  it  may  Ix^  remarked 
that  ('.  olivsii,  ('.  iiml)i)inllii,n\H\  ('.  iniiiliriji  \utU\  similar  relations  to  each 
other.  It  is  not  unlikely  that  when  all  the  ('orl)irnla>  of  liie  Laramie 
(ii'onp  come  to  lie  I'lilly  studied,  some  ot  the  species  licretolore  descrilied 
iniisl  he  aliandoncd  ;  lint  in  an  article  like  this,  it  is  liioiij^ht  lust  to  mako 
nieiition  of,  and  to  tiKiii't',  all  the  forms  that  have  been  imiilishcd  by  any 
author,  as  he  has  published  them. 

The  ,s|»ecies  wiiicli  Mr.  .M»'ek  adopted  as  the  type  of  liissiibjicnns  Ltp- 
lcstlic)i,i\nuu'\y,('.{L.)J'riiti(i*  Meek,  hasluvn  toiind  in  considerable  abun- 
dance at  lilack  l»nt4es  station,  in  Southern  \Vyomin;i;, and  sparin;;ly  also 
at  titlier  localities  on  both  sides  of  the  I'ocliy  Monntains.  It  is  lijiiired 
on  IMate  L'(t. 

This  is  tht^  largest  s|K'cies  of  the  snb^icnns  Lrittrstlics  yet  known,  and 
with  the  ex<H'i»ti(tn  of  ('.  hcrllioinii,  herein  desciibed,  the  Iarj;est  s])ecies 
of  ('orhirnld  that  has  ever  been  discovered  in  North  American  strata. 
The  li;;iircs  that  are  here  fjiven  sliow  it  to  be  a  very  variable  species  as 
refjards  external  form.  Fifj'.  1,  on  I'late  lit),  is  a  co))y  of  Mr.  Meek's 
drawinjt  from  his  type  specimen.  The  partial  tnuication  of  the  jjoste- 
rior  border  is  a  sli};lit  deformity  of  that  si»eciinen,  and  is  not  common  to 
the  species.  The  dimensions  of  that  lijiiireare  also  soim-what  less  than 
the  averaj^c  for  adult  .shells.  l'i;,'s.  4  and  o,  on  IMate  :.MI,  represent  two 
views  of  a  yoinif;-  exaiiiple  of  ordinary  form,  bnt  some  cxamiiles  of  this 
speiiies  are  more  elongate  transverst'ly. 

Nooxamplesoftlieyenns  »s'y>/(f(r//(.'H  have  been  fonnd  in  any  North  Amer 
itraii  strata  of  older  <late  than  the  Laraniie  (ironp,  and  none  have  been 
published  Irom  that  j^roui*  cxcejit  the  lonr  species  which  weic  obtained 
by  Meek  ^:  llayden  from  the  I'pper  .Missonri  Iiiver  icf^ioii,  and  de- 
scribed l>y  them  respectively  nnder  the  names  ,Siili<vriinii  iiltiiiinii,  S.  trr- 
iicanliiiolv,  iS.foniionum,  and  S.  siil)clli>>tiriimA  These  Ibnr  sjiecics  are  all 
represented  on  IMate  17  by  copies  of  Mr.  .Meek's  <nif;inal  lifiiires.  The 
two  first-named  siiecies  are  from  the  .liidith  Ifiver  beds,  and  the  other 
two  from  the  T'ort  IJinon  beds.  Some  frajiinents  of  a  species  of  Siihariiini, 
which  is  perhaps  different  from  either  of  the  four  species  above  referred 
to,  have  l)een  discovered  in  the  coalbeariiiH'  beds  at  lOvanston,  W  yom 
ill};',  which  beds  seem  to  belonj;-  to  the  upper  part  of  the  Laramie  (ironp. 

A  lew  imper'tict  examples,  too  im|)erfect  for  siieciiic  characteiization, 
but  evidently  belonging  to  one  of  more  species  of  the  genus  Spliwrium, 


*  See  IT.  S,  Geol.  Sm.  Terr.,  vol.  ix,  p.  ICl. 
t  See  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  Terr.,  vol.  ix.pi).  O'^G,  527,  pi.  4:i. 


II  I 


'l:ill! 


i'lS'i'i'i 
I'llililll 


84 


NON-MAHINr,    FOSKII,    MctM.ISCA. 


have  liccii  toiiiiil  ill  tlit>  llni'i'iii'  IrcNli-wiitii' ilcimsits  of  Soiillit'iii  W'yo- 
mill;:,  wliicii  iiif,  like  llioscitl'  lli«>  Liiniinif  Oroiip.  so  siiiiiliir  to  mtiiiii 
liviii;;  spi'cii's  tiM  In  riill  litr  iiii  iliHtiii^iiishiii^'  ii'iinirkH. 

W'f  \cl  UiKiw  iiiitliin^r  III'  tilt'  cxisli'iKc  ol'  Siilin riiini  in  Norlli  Aiiit'iicii 
Itctwt'fii  tin- fiosc  ol'  tilt'  riiHi'iic  i'|uit'li  iiihI  till'  i'tiNl  'rt'iliaiv  t'\tt'|it  tlii' 
two  s|n't'ii's  wliiili  wt'it'  n's|i('(ti\il,v  (Icsiiilit'tl  l>\  Mtt'k  uiultTtlit'  iiiiiiifs 
Sitliiiriinii  niijitxiim  iiiiil  N.  iiliilioinsf.  Iiolli  of  wliifh  iiic  ri'ini'st'iitfil  «>ii 
I'liitt'  ,'t'J  iiy  copit's  ol'  his  i>i'i;;iiiiil  ll^int's.  Tlif  t>pi'.s  ol'  llii'Sf  two 
Hpft'ifs  wt'icolttiiiiii'il  I'roiii  Hit-  I'rt'sli  wiili'itliposil  ot'tiic  Kiiwsoli  .Mt>iiiit- 
iiiiiM  of  Noitlifi'ii  Nt'Viiila,  wliii'li  is  rt';;iii'ilt'il  as  of  Miott'iif  a;;i'  li,v  par- 
tics  I'oiiiii'i'tt'tl  with  lilt'  I'liitt'tl  Stati's  (ii'olo^it'a)  Siirvt'.v  of  llif  lOtli 
parallt'l.*  W'v  tlo  not  ,vt't  know  cvt'ii  so  itiiitli  as  liiis  of  Hit' liisloiy  of 
till'  I'liioiiitla'  lictwffii  tlic  ciosf  of  Hit'  Kot't'iif  t'pot'li  anil  tlii'  iit'j,Miiiiiii;: 
of  tin'  l'ost-'rt'rliiir\;f  vt't  wt'i'annot  iloiiltl  that  both  t'liiit  ant!  Sjiliir 
liitm  lloiirislit'd  to^a'tliiT  sonii'wiit'it'  tliiriii;r  .(H  timt  tiuif. 

riSIDIIIl.K. 

Of  tilt'  ^t'liiis  I'isiiliiiin,  only  out'  fossil  spt-t'it's,  naiiu'ly  /'.  siiiiintitiim 
Wliilt',  liiiH  yet  been  (list'ovt'rt'tl4  Its  finm  is  ifprt'st'iitt'il  liy  ll^iirt's  14 
anil  IT),  on  I'latf  -I),  aiul  it  is  hy  its  oiitwaitl  ft'atiirt's  aloiif  that  it  is 
I'l'l't'irt'il  to  l'i.sitliiini,  111*'  iiitt'i'ior  markings  of  tlii'  slii'll  having  iiovt'i' 
iK't'h  asft'i'taiiit'tl.  It  was  olitaint'il  from  t  ho  scries  of  coal-licarin^stnitii 
near  Mvaiiston,  Wyoming;,  which  arc  al  present  iindcrstootl  as  lielon;;in^' 
to  the  upper  part  of  the  Laramie  (iroiip. 

While  it  seems  to  he  untpicstitmaltlc  that  thcliviiijr  llnionida'  of  the 
Mississippi  iliaiiia;;e  system  are  ^ifiicrically  ilcsfciKletl  from  those  spe 
fies  which,  as  we  have  seen,  cxistcil  iliiiiiiK  the  liaiamic  pcrioil,  ami 
from  their  associates  which  yet  remain  to  lie  ilist'ovcrctl.  no  tlestieiiil 
ants  of  the  Cyrciiitla'  which  then  cNistci!  seem  to  have  stirvivcil  the 
close  of  the  liarainie  pcrioil,  except  those  of  the  ;;('iiera  SplKViiiiiii  ami 
n>ii(lii(in.  In  fact,  all  three  of  the  sections  of  t\H'  {H'uus  Corhieiilit .  which 
liavcliccii  mentionctl  as  havin;;  livctl  (lining  the  Laramie  pcrioil,  seem 
to  have  rctpiircil  the  same  comlitions  of  lialiital  that  the  contempora- 
neous (Mrvii  and  Anomiti  ilid.  When,  therefore,  at  the  close  of  the  Lar- 
amie jicriod,  the  waters  of  the  interior  rcjiioii  of  North  Amcritta  liecame 
entirely  frcsli,  all  the  forms  of  Citrhiciilii  which  had  tlonrishcd  through- 
out that  ;;reat  region  tieasetl  to  exist ;  wliilc.V/;/(/n/KH(  ami  /'m/V/*«hj,  whose 
liahitat  is  in  fresh  water  only,  siirvivcti  ttitlic  present  time,  doiilit less  in 
company  with  rcprcsciitativcs  of  the  riiioiiitla  .  and  with  many  fresh- 
water ^asteropods.  This  tipinion  of  course  im)>lics  not  imly  the  lielief 
that  while  the  livin;;'  Unioncs  of  the  Mississippi  ilraiiiage  Nystem  are, 
either  wholly  <»r  in  part,  directly  tlcscciidctl  from  those  whose  remains 

•  1'.  S.  (iccil.  Sur.  4lltli  parallvl,  vol.  iv,  jip.  IfJ,  11?;$,  (il.  xvi,  li;in.  1  ,'inil  -J. 
t'l'liai  is.  it' wi' oiiiir  all  tlioHL' w'liich  ui'i' inrnliuiit'il  on  following  [itigiN  iiiiilcrtliebeatl 
ol  s|iiiri«)iis  and  (loulitl'iil  spooicH. 
;  I'owcU'm  liupurt  ticolugy  of  thu  Uiutu  Mouutiiinii,  p.  I'-iO. 


WIIITI.I 


AXNOTATKIt   CATAMHirr,, 


»5 


W(>  lliid  ill  III*'  sh'iita  of  till-  Liiraiiiic  <iniii|>,  lint  iiIhh  Mh'  WWvf  iIimI  tlit- 
hnifUi'^li  wiitrr  ryii-iiiilii'  whicli  cxislrti  (■iiiitciiiiMiiJiiii'iisly  willi  tliciii 
ill  tlir  l^iirmiilt'  iMM'i'Ml  jir<-  iiol  titiis  iMH'csliiill.v  icliilni  in  ihc  li\  in;: 
H|H'cifs  of  ('jirniii  anil  durhivitht  i»i'  Norlli  Aini'iica,  iiiil  llial  tin-  latter 
liiivc  ioincilown  l»v  xoinc  ollu'iliiu's  of  ili'sn'iit  wliicli  arc  not  Vfl  liiiowii. 


Tilt'  ;{«'niis  Cnrhiilii  is  i'i'|»ic,si'iilt'«l  l»\  .several  s|»«'<'ie,s  in  tlieCretiifeoiis 
.strata  of  Noitli  .\iiieriea ;  lait  all  the  s|iecics  that  i  iv  }■  !  known  lioin 
Ntnila  of  that  periml  are  IoiiihI  assoeiateil  with  iiiaii!:  n  riiis;  anil,  as 
tlie.v  no  ilouitt  lived  in  marine  watei.s,  tlie.v  ilo  not  fail  wit'  >ii  the  seojie 
of  this  ai'tiele.  I'liree  or  foiirspeeies  are  known  to  ha\e  livcil  iliiriii;,' 
the  I/iraiiiie  |ierio<l,  the  lannal  a.ssoeiates  of  whieh  indieate  a  Itrackish 
water  lial)ital ;  and  as  no  other  fossil  .speeies  of  this  ;icinis  liave  lieeii 
discovered  under  •inch  circiiinstaiMtcs  a.s  to  iiiakt^  it  prulialile  liiat  they 
lived  In  other  tlian  marine  water.s,  wo  HJiall  have  oid.v  those  liaraniie 
forms  to  di.seii.ss  at  the  present  time. 

Nine  spocii'.s  of  doilmht  have  heeii  de.serilied  and  named  l).v  ditferent 
antlior.s,  from  strata  which  have  hcen  stndieil  at  dilfeienl  iocalilies, 
all  of  whieh  strata  are  now  referred  to  the  iiaiamie  (ironp;  Init  al  pres- 
ent I  am  dis]io.sed  to  le^iurd  less  than  half  of  them  as  distinct  species, 
tlie  remainder  Iteiiif;:  reH:arded  as  at  least  no  more  than  varieties  of  those 
si)ecies,  respectively. 

Mr.  Meek  repirded  all  the  liaramie  species  of  C«W>«/«  as  not  helon;; 
iiif,'  to  the  typical  section  of  the  Kcniis;  and  lie  referred  om-  of  them 
to  the  propo.sed  snhyenns  Aiiisorlii/iivlnis  of  Conrad,  and  the  others 
to  hiclii/ixhit  (laid).  In  this  article,  however,  I  shall  treat  all  the  spc 
eies  herein  di.scn.s.sed  as  true  CothuUt,  withont  expre.ssiiif;  an  opinion  as 
to  the  sections  of  the  Kt'ims  i»roi)o.sed  by  Conrad  and  Cablt;  lint  it  is 
jiroper  to  call  attention  to  the  fact  tlnit  tlu'  llr.st  two  mentioned  of  the 
followiiif--  .species  present  a  faeies  or  tyjie  which  is  tpiite  ditlerent  from 
that  of  any  liviiif;-  North  American  species  of  Vorhiihi.  indeed,  we  may 
rcf-ard  tlie.se  Laramie  forms  as  repre.sentinj,'  extinct  lines  of  descent,  for 
it  is  practically  certain  that  the  line  of  descent  of  none  of  the  living;' 
species  of  Vorlnila  has  come  down  thronfjli  any  of  those  of  the  Laramie 
period  as  represented  by  the  strata  which  we  now  know  as  the  Laramie 
(ironp. 

The  reasons  for  this  opinion  are  expressed  in  the  remarks  that  have 
been  made  in  relation  to  the  Cyrenidie  of  the  Laramie  Group,  and  the 
subject  is  further  di.scn.s.sed  in  the  remarks  which  <'lose  this  article. 

Since  the  Hear  Kiver  beds  are  hypothetujally  rej-anhd  as  ihe  earlier 
portion  of  the  Laramie  Croup,  the  tlrst  of  the  species  of  Coiiiitla  to  be 
mentioned  is  C.  pi/ri/oniiis  .Meek,*  which  has  been  found  only  in  those 
beds,  and  their eipiivalents  in  Southwestern  Wyoming  and  thead.jacent 

•  Seo  Suupsou's  U«|..  Grout  Uiusiu  Utiih,  p.  UCl,  jil.  v,  lig.s.  'J  ami  10.  AI«o  U.  S. 
Oeol.  Siir.  40tli  Piir.alK'l,  vol.  iv,  p.  170,  pi.  xvii,  fig.  a. 


I  .i 


M 


36 


NON-MAKINi:    KOSSII,    MoM.lSCA. 


parts  of  I 'tall.  It  is  rei)i'oa('iit»'»l  on  I'latc  S.  Mr.  Meek  ilcscrilicd 
auothor  Conn  in  connection  witli  this  ninlci'  the  name  of  r.  cinilcinitiini, 
but  till'  nnnicrous  cxanijilcs  tliat  lia\c  liccn  collected  IVoin  those  strata 
show  such  a  (le;;rei'  of  variation  as  to  niaki'  it  verv  donlttfnl  whether 
the  (litl'ci'ence  between  the  two  I'ornis  is  anythinj;'  more  than  individual 
variation.     ('.  iiKjlemnnni  is  therefore  rejiarded  as  a  synonym  of   ('. 

An  interestiii};  s|)ecie,8,  whii  h  occurs  in  the  valleys  of  liilter  Creek, 
yonthern  Wyomin-;-,  and  Vanijia  Itiver,  Xorthwestern  Colorado,  was 
described  by  Mr.  Meek  under  the  name  of  Cofhiiht  iniilijrrii,  which 
is  illustrated  on  I'lafe  IS.  A  vaiiety  of  this  species,  which  also 
occurs  in  the  v  illey  of  IJitter  (.'reek,  but  at  a  higher  horizon  in  the 
Laramie  (iroup  liy  several  hundred  fei-t,  was  described  l)y  me  under 
the  nain»'  of  ('.  siihini<lij'cri(.*  Although  the  latter  is  now  regarded  as 
only  a  variety  of  the  former,  yet  the  viiriation  is  <piite  c(Uislanl  ami 
leadily  it'co;iuizal)le,  as  may  be  seen  by  coinj)arins'  the  tinures  of  tlu' 
variety  with  tho.se  of  the  ly])ical  form  on  I'lati'  IS. 

Two  sjK'cies  were  described  l»y  .Meek  i.*v:  llayden  frcun  the  Judith 
River  beds  of  the  Ui)per  Missouri  River  re<iion,  under  the  names  re- 
spectively of  (!i»hi(la  sitbtrififDiidis  and  ('.  jwrniiddtd,  both  of  which  1 
regard  as  belonjiiii^'  to  one  and  the  same  sjiecies.  Furthei  more,  the 
two  species  which  Wi-ro  described  by  Meek  from  the  Ijuramie  strata,  of 
the  valley  of  liitter  Creek,  Southern  Wyominji',  under  the  names  re- 
si)ectively  <>•  C.  fropidoplioia  and  ('.  vr<is,t(if<'lli/(>rmis,  I  icjiurd  as  also  lie- 
lon^iiiji  to  that  s])ec,ies,  makin}f  three  synon.\*ms  of  V.  .siihti-itjoiitilis.j 
I'Mfi'ures  of  these  forms  may  l)e  .seen  on  Plate  \'.K 

One  other  imblished  form  of  Curhiila  only  remains  to  be  noticed  in 
this  aiticle.  namely,  C.  m(ictr[l'un)ih,X  which  was  described  by  Meek  iS: 
llayden  fiinn  the  l''ort  Cnion  beds  ol'  (he  lp]»er  Missouii  liixcr  rej;iou, 
and  which  has  hitherto  been  found  nowhere  el.se.  It  is  re])resented 
on  Plate  IS. 

The  non marine  bivalve  mollusca  that  have  been  noticed  on  the  pr(>- 
cedinu'  pa;;es  comprise  only  six  families,  while,  as  we  shall  .see,  their  as- 
so(;iat<Ml  };asieropod  families  were  more  than  double  that  nund)cr.  This 
luimerical  projiortion  of  the  families  pertainin;;  to  the  Conchifera  and 
(iasteid])o(la,  respectively,  may  he  taken  as  about  the  sani"  as  that 
which  obtains  in  those  two  classes  anu)n^  living  non-marine  mollusca. 
Indeed,  the  fanulieswhich  have  been  recognized  among  these  fossil  forms 
are  no  other  thiui  those  wnder  which  we  gi'oni>  their  living  represen- 
tatives. 


*l''»>r  <1(!Scri|>tions  uiiil  fij{ui't's  of  l)otli  the.>«)  fouim  noo  An.  Kep.  U.  S.  Oeol.  Siir. 
Terr.  Inr  l>^r-<,  I'iut  I,  pp.  HO,  HI,  pi.  2'.». 

t  t"(ir  ilcs(  ri|iti()iis  iiiitl  liguros  of  tlu'sc  Ibriiis  .iiiil  rnimrks  niton  llicni  si'f  11.  S.  Qool. 
Sim-,  r.tr.,  vol.  i:c,  pp.  r>5i<),  WM\,  jtl.  40;  An.  IJcp.  \\  S.  Ocol.  Snr.  Terr.  Cor  1870,  p. 
:U.'>;  ih.  for  187!>,  p.  'tU;  ih.  lor  inT^,  I'ait  1,  pi>.  tiO,  M,  pi.  •iii. 

{  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  Torr.,  vol.  ix,  p.  5a8,  pi.  4a,  flg.  7. 


WHITK.] 


ANNOTATED   CATALOCiUK. 


37 


Moreover,  the  niujority  of  the  f;eiierii,;iii(l  iiiaiiyoftlie  subordinate  divis- 
ions of  those  {i'lMierii,  ])oss('ss  no  recogiiizabh'  variation  from  those  under 
which  we  are  iiceustonied  to  i'an;;c  the  livinjj'  s|»eeies.  We  Iiave,  how- 
ever, seen  tiiat  a  small  number  of  those  siihordinate  t.vpes  anionji'  the 
Conchifcrshave  heeonie  extinet;  and  we  shall  set'  that  still  more  of  them 
amony'  the  (lasteropoda,  tofjft'ther  with  a  few  of  that  elass  that  we  re;^ar(l 
as  full  jicuera,  have  also,i)eeoine  extinet;  hut  yet  the  liuit  remains  that 
these  ancient  non  nuirine  moUusea,  as  a  whole,  are  wonderfully  like 
their  living  rei)resontatives.* 


GASTEROPODA. 

Althouj-h,  in  zoiilogical  rridv,  the  f;asteroiM)da  are  so  much  in  advance 
of  the  Conchifera,  the  various  families  of  the  fonner  seem  ro  have  been 
developed  as  early  in  fieological  time  as  thase  of  the  latter;  and  so  far 
as  we  are  now  accjuainted  with  the  history  of  the  fossil  non-marine 
mollusea  of  \(uth  Anuniea,  it  appears  that  hifjhly  organized  land  jud- 
monate  j;asteroi)ods  were  introduced  <iuite  as  early  as  any  of  the 
Conchifers.  Indeed,  from  present  indications,  we  are  led  to  believe  that 
the  relati(Uis  of  the  ditferent  classes  of  non-nnirine  mollusea  to  each 
othei'  weic  nuu'h  the  sauu-  in  all  }ieolo<>ieal epochs  as  they  are  today. 

AVHlCVUltM. 

Three  or  four  species  of  pisteropods  have  been  discovered  in  the 
("retaceous  estuary  deposits,  and  those  of  ISear  Kiver,  Laramie  senes, 
which  are  rej-arded  as  belonfjintr  to  the  family  Auriculiche;  and  these 
are  the  only  nu'mbers  of  that  fandly  which  have  been  discovered  in 
Xorth  American  strata,  and  the  oidy  ones  that  come  within  the  scope 
of  this  article. 

One  of  these  species  was  discovered  by  Mr.  Meek  in  the  Cretaceous 
estuary  deposit  at  CoalviHc,  Utali,t  which  has  already  been  mentioned 

'Tlii'ic  hiivc  liccii  t<  ml  in  tl.c  Liirainic^  Oioiip  two  CoiichilfiNaml  one  (iiisti'iopod 
wliicli,  s.i  till-  US  is  now  known,  liiivc  living  iillit's  only  in  nnirinc  waters,  an<l  they  art' 
llnivfoiv  not  .■nnin(Tat<Ml  in  tliis  ailiclo,  alllioaKli  tln'y  srcni  to  have  .snivivcd  in  llic 
Inackisli  watiT  t-avaMiii'  Sua  from  (lie  tlnicwbcn  il  wasan  open  si'a  of  maiinc  saltiirss. 
They  aic  tvspcrtivcly  Xii,,tl(iii<i  iiwliirii,  .IxiiKia  hi>lim:<i(iiiti  an<l  Odontolmxh  bmriiioiilvH 
White.  With  these  exceptions,  all  the  known  nuillMscaii  speeiesof  the  I.araniie  Gi-onp 
are  sneh  as  we  shonlil  nalnrally  refer  lo  some  non-marine  haliitat.  It  is  !iol  at  all  Im- 
prol.ahlethal  Hiese  species  of  fjein'ra  which  are  usually  eharaeterislieofopen-sea  waters 
mirvived  the  laml-loekiuf;  of  the  I.araniie  Sea,  ami  .li.l  not  yield  up  their  existenee 
nntil  the  complete  fresheninfiofthe  wat.'rs  took  place,  when  tiieirassoeiates  r,.i/„cH/». 
Corhula,  \vritiiia.  Ac,  also  (•.■as.Ml  to  exist.  The  species  whi.'h  was  d<.scrihrd  hy  me 
as  Odontubaxis.'  Jonmmt  prohably  helon^s  to  some  nvnns  of  the  ('erii>hasiidie.  I'or 
remarks  upon  the  speci.'s  referred  to  in  this  note,  with  descriptions  and  ligures,  see  An. 
K.p.  V.  S.  tieol.  Sur.  Terr,  for  ls7H,  Pj,rt  I,  pp.  ;V.»,  (iO,  HI-,),  an.l  UK! ;  plates  -M,  A"),  and  iiS. 

tAu.  Uep.  U.  S.  Geol.  Siir.  Terr,  for  1H78,  Part  I,  p.  23,  pi.  12,  Ug.  H. 


38 


NON-MAKINE    FOSSIL   MOLLUSCA. 


ill  coiiiii'clioii  with  Aiiom'ui  propaforis  iiiid  Ciiniia  corlcloni.  It  was 
oriyiuiilly  (ii'sciibt'd  by  Mt'ck  uikIit  tlio  iiiimc  ol'  Mvlitiiiiiii.s.'  tnttitiiiusy 
but  it  is  (]iiiit'  certain  tliat  it  doi's  not  strictly  Ix-loiij^'  to  tliat  jjoniis.  It 
is  illnstiiiti'd  by  several  llguies  on  Plate  5. 

All  iiiipeifei^t  exaiiii»le  of  a  similar  and  apparently  e(Hi<];eneric  foriii, 
wliieli  is  represented  by  Fig'.  17  on  IMate  o  was  Ibiind  in  tlu'  same 
neighborhood  among'  the  remains  of  marine  Cretaceous  iiudlnsea,  as 
was  also  an  imperl'ect  example  of  Plu/m ;  both  of  wliieh  specimens 
were  no  doubt  drifted  from  the  then  atljaceiit  shore,  and  sunk  among 
the  shells  of  marine  mollusks  that  then  lived  there.* 

In  the  15ear  IJiver  Laramie  beds  in  Southwestern  Wyoming  there 
have  been  found  two  species  closely  related  to  the  two  tliat  are  referred  to 
Mclampm*,  which,  from  their  eharatiteristics  as  well  as  their  biackish- 
water  faiinal  associations  are  referred  to  the  Aurieiilida'.  They  have 
considerable  resemblance  to  Mclampm  f  antiquus,  and  are  jiossibly  con- 
generic with  it ;  but  Mr.  Meek  jiroposed  for  them  the  generic  name  of 
Rhytophonts.j 

Tlie  iirst  of  these  two  species  was  discovered  by  Mr.  Meek,  and  de- 
scribed by  him  under  the  name  of  Uln/toplionts  priscKs ;l  and  the  secoml 
was  described  by  myself  under  the  name  of  R.  nwelcii.^  IJorh  these 
forms  are  ilbistruted  by  figures  on  Plate  S. 

These  three  or  four  species  constitute  the  only  representatives  of  the 
Auriculidie  that  haveyet  been  olitained  from  North  American  non-marine 
strata,  and  tlioy  are  so  remotely  allied  with  living  representatives  of  that 
family  that  we  cannot  regard  them  as  holding  such  ancestral  relation  to 
any  of  the  living  North  American  AuriculidiU  as  the  fossil  Unionida-  and 
some  other  families  herein  discussed,  evidently  hold  to  the  living  rep- 
resentatives of  those  families  respectively.  Indeed,  for  reasons  already 
stated,  it  is  practically  certain  that  the  lines  of  descent  from  such  of  the 
molltisca  of  the  Laramie  period  as  recpiired  a  saline  habitat  were  neces 
sariiy  broken  at  the  close  of  that  i)eriod,  when  the  waters  of  that  sea 
became  wholly  fresh  and  greatly  reduced  in  extent. 


The  earliest  North  American  strata  n  v.l.ich  remains  of  the  Liin 
uneidie  have  been  discovered  are  those  of  ilie  Iiaramie  (Iroup;  if  we  i-x- 
cept  the  Jurassic  form,  which  was  described  by  Meek  &  llayden  under 
the  name  of  Planorbifi  veterniw,  and  which  is  presently  to  be  further 
mentioned.  In  the  Laramie  Group,  however,  we  find  the  family  repre- 
sented liy  all  the  principal  genera  that  r"e  known  among  the  living 
Linimeida),  as  well  as  the  greater  i)avt  of  the  subordinate  sections  of  the 


•  See  An. Rep.  U.  S. Gool. Sur. Terr,  for  187rt.,  Purt  I,  p. 2.">.     Ih.  lor  li«T7,  p. :{«:. 
t  For  <liiijj;ii<)si»  of  tlii.s  gei-.iis  see  U.  S.  Geo],  Siir.  4(ltli  Parallt'l,  vol.  iv,  p.  l/.'i. 
t  I'.  S.  Gcol.  Sur.  40i!i  P.iralK'l,  vol.  iv.  p.  IT.'),  pt.  xvii,  flg.  (i.    Also  JSiuipson's  Kep. 
Grciit  Hiisiii,  Utah,  p.;t()4,pl.  v,  ft};.  4. 
^  See  An.  Kop.  l'.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  Terr,  for  1878,  Part  I,  p.  82,  pi.  30, flg.  8. 


WinTF..] 


ANNOTAXr.D    rATALOfU'F. 


39 


{jeiu'ia  wliicli  constitute  that  family.  These ilu'ts  neeessaiilypoiiit  back 
to  a  iH'iiocl  iniieh  inoie  remote  than  the  Laramie,  for  the  origin  of  the 
family,  and  althonf-ii  we  lack  the  positive  eviih'iiee  of  the  fact,  we  can- 
not (lonht  that  it  not  only  had  its  origin  as  early  as  the  beginning'  of 
.Mesozoie  time,  bnt  that  it  had  then  become  well  established. 

The  earliest  known  species  belonginf,'  to  the  genus  Limnwa  is  /..  iiiti- 
(UiUt  Meek,*  which  is  tbniid  in.tlie  l>ear  IMver  Laramie  strata  of  South- 
western Wyoming.  It  is  reju'esented  on  I'late  (5.  It  is  relerred  to  the 
subgenus  Limii(>i)li;isii  l-'itzingei'.  Among  its  fannal  associates  is  a 
minute  form,  which  1  have  described  uiuler  the  name  of  A-jelltt  Inthle- 
m<iiii,\  which  is  represented  by  enlarged  ligures  on  Plate  0. 

Associated  with  these  is  also  a  small  I'lmiorbiH,  belonging  to  the  sub- 
genus (Ijiniiiliis  Agassiz. 

It  is  a  fact  which  doubtless  indicates  the  imperfection  of  our  present 
knowledge  that,  while  those  two  widely  ditferentiated  mend)ers  of  the 
Limua'iihe  are  found  in  what  are  regarded  as  probably  the  earlier  strata 
of  the  Laramie  (Iroiip,  the  only  other  species  which  is  referable  to  the 
suldamily  liimna-ina'  that  has  been  found  in  any  part  of  that  group  is 
a  form,  which  was  described  by  Meek  &  llayden,  from  the  iMirt  Union 
beds,  under  the  mime  of  Limnau  tcnuicontdta.  i  Mr.  iNleck  proposed  for 
this  form  the  subgcucrii!  name  of  rieiiroliniiiwd,  but  it  mi;;ht  pi'obal)ly 
be  refericd  to  AccUd  with  equal  propriety.  It  is  rei)resentcd  by  a  copy 
of  Mr.  Mcek'.s  figure  on  Plate  23.  Although  a  greater  number  of  the 
I'lanorbiua'than  of  the  JjimuaMnie  have  been  discovered  in  the  Lanimie 
Gronjt,  the  appaicnt  absence  of  the  latter  from  nu>st  of  the  fossiliferous 
strata  of  that  groui»,even  thosewhieh  contain  other  palustral  pulmonates, 
such  as  I'lnjm  and  Ihdimi.i,  is  unexi)ccted,  and,  as  before  intimated, 
it  isi)robably  not  because  they  did  not  exist,  bnt  because  they  have  u<)t 
been  dis(!overe(L 

Mr.  IMeek  descrribed  a  species  under  the  name  of  Liinnwa  (Linino 
fihyxd'/)  compticfilis,^  from  Separation  Station  in  Southern  Wyouiing, 
which  was  obtained  from  strata  that  he  regarded  as  Teitiary,  but  which 
doubtless  belongs  to  the  Laramie  (Iroup.  It  probably  lu'longs  to  the 
genus  TiKiiiiiia.sfiis,  and  not  to  lAmiwti.  It  is  represented  on  IMate  2(i  by 
ligures  of  Ml'.  Meek's  tyi)t!  s]tecimen. 

Mr.  .^leek  described  two  si)eeies  of  Lininwa,  which  he  stated  were  dis- 
covered in  the  liridger  Ihoup  of  Ko(  cue  freshwater  strata  in  Southern 
Wyoming,  lie  named  them  re«itectively  L.  vetunta  and  L.  ximilis.\\ 
IJotli  these  forms  are  represented  by  co|)ies  of  .Air.  ]\Ieek's  figures  on 
J 'late  L'l). 

From  the  (jreen  Kiver  Eocene  Group  of  Soutln'rn  Wyoming  I  have 

•U.  S.  (icol.  .Sur.  4(lth  Piiialli'l,  vol.  iv,  \>.  IHl,  pi.  xvii,  lijr.  ;'.. 
tAii.  Rep.  U.  S.  GiMil.  .Siir.  Terr,  for  I87d,  Part  I,  |>.  -H,  pi.  :l(l,  tig.  9. 
tSfo  IJ.  8.  Grot.  Sin-.  T«rr.,  vol.  ix,  p.  .'■>:)4,  id.  44,  tig.  V.i. 
^An.  Hep.  V.  S.  Geol.  Snr.  Terr,  for  1H7'.>,  ]..  ,-)17. 

Il  U.  .s.  (iiMil.  Snr.  40th  rarallol,  vol.  iv,  p.  lilt,  pi.  xvii,  ligs.  i  and  4.  Also,  Simpgou's 
Rep.  Great  Uusiu,  Utah,  p.  ;(tJ7,  pi.  v,  ilgs.  'i  and  3. 


'■% 


40 


NON-MARI.NK    KOSStL    MOLLUSC'A. 


ik'sciibi'tl  ii  spi'cics  uiuh-i'  the  iiiiiiii'  of  />.  luiiiK.sriila,*  wliicli  evidently 
belongs  to  the  snltgenus  lAptolimiitrd  Swiiinson.  It  is  representetl  on 
I'liile  :!►. 

Tlu^  species  that  have  just  been  nientioned  are  all  that  are  known  to 
haveexisteilin  North  Anieriea  up  to  the  ctloseof  the  l.oeene epoch,  whieli 
pertain  to  the  comprehensive  genus  Limnwii.  The  fresh-water  strata, 
wiiieh  are  known  as  the  White  River  Qroui*,  and  are  referred  to  the 
Miocene  Tertiary,  are  the  oidy  strata  of  that  epoch  which  are  at  i)resent 
known  to  contain  any  remains  of  Liiumm.  In  that  group  two  species 
of  fAnuxvn  have  been  discovered,  inimely,  L.  mvclcii  Evans  iS:  Shnmard, 
and  L.  Hltuinurdi  Meek.t  iJothof  these  si)ccies  belong,  ai»parently,  to 
the  tyitical  section  of  the  genns,  and  both  are  reinesented  by  copies  of 
Mr.  Meek's  original  (ignres  on  Plate  .">1.'. 

If  the  non-marine  molluscan  faniui,  of  the  t^poch  of  which  the  White 
Itiver  Group  is  a  ])arthd  lepresentutive,  wore  better  known,  it  may  be 
regarded  as  cicrtain  that  we  should  lind  in  it  many  re])res»'ntatives  of 
living  types;  but  so  far  as  th  t  fauna  is  at  present  known,  it  is  a  very 
meager  one,  and  conliued  to  the  pulmonate  gasteropods.  The  ap]iareiit 
entire  absence  of  gill-bearing  mollusks  in  those  portions  of  that  Ibiina- 
tion  whicii  have  been  examined,  uiay,  perhaps,  have  been  due  to  a  solu- 
tion in  the  waters  in  which  they  were  deposited,  of  certain  salts  w  other 
substances  which  made  them  uncongenial  for  molluscan  life.  If  this  were 
really  the  case,  the  presence  there  of  the  renuiius  of  |)ulnionate  gaster- 
oi)ods  might  be  acccmnted  for  on  the  supposition  that  they  were  drifted 
into  those  waters  by  tributary  streams  in  or  upon  the  banks  of  which 
they  lived. 

The  only  other  species  of  Limna'a  to  be  mentioned  in  this  arti<'le  is 
the  one  which  was  described  by  Mr.  Meek  under  the  name  of  L.  hiiiffii, 
and  for  which  he  proposed  the  subgeneric  name  of  I'olyrliitis.l  It  was 
obtained  from  certain  strata  in  Cache  Valley,  Utah,  whic^h  are  not  of 
earlier  dare  than  the  Jliocene,  and  which  are  probably  of  Pliocene  age. 
Copies  of  Meek's  original  ligures  of  this  form  are  given  on  Plate, 
32,  It  is  an  niterestiug  form  because  of  the  fact  that  it  is  the  oidy 
known  representative  of  the  only  extinct  subordinate  type  of  l/numm 
that  is  yet  known,  and  becrause  it  comes  down  to  a  later  date  than 
most  of  the  other  extinct  types  of  moUusca,  of  which  mention  is  matle 
in  this  article. 

Of  the  other  genera  of  the  family  Limmeidie,  Planorbix  and  Cdfini/c.r, 
remain  to  be  considered.  The  earliest  species  of  rhmorbin  yet  discov<'red 
in  North  American  strata  is  i'.  veturnusMGek  &  Hay<len,§  which  those 

*Proc.  U.  S.  Niil.  JIuHi'iini,  vol.  iii,  p.  UiO, 

t  l''<)r  (l('H('ri|iti()iiH  and  li<j[ures  of  tlicso  two  upecioH  sco  U.  S.  (iool.  Snr.  'I'cir.,  vol. 
iv,  pp.  .^)9rt  mill  .'iD'J,  jil.  45,  lij?H.  .'>  and  (>. 

{For  ilcHdiiptioii  and  lij^iires  of  this  Bpecies  sou  U.  S.  Geol.  Snr.  'IVrr.,  4(11  li  parallel, 
vol.  iv,  p.  VJ'-i;  and  for  Moek's  diaijuosis  of  the  HnbgcuuH  see  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  Terr., 
vol.  ix,  p.  5;i'i. 

i  Puleoutology  of  the  Upper  Missouri,  j).  107,  pi.  iv,  &g,  1. 


M 


I 


ANNOTATED  CATALOGUE. 


41 


authors  reported  as  coming;  from  Jiirassitr  strata  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Black  Hills,  where  they  found  it  associated  with  Unio  nucalin  and  otluT 
species,  which  liave  already  been  referred  to.  It  is  represented  on 
IMate  ;J. 

It  ciinnot  be  doubted  that  various  species  of  Planorbis  existed  duriny 
the  whole  of  the  Cretaceous  period,  but  no  evidence  of  the  iiurt  has  yet 
been  obtained.  In  the  Hear  Hiver  Laramie  beds,  however,  a  small,  un- 
described  species  is  known,  as  already  mentioned,  which  bi'lon}>s  to  the 
subg'enus  Gi/raulun. 

In  tlie  Laramie  jjcriod  the  {>enus  PJanorbis  is  believed  to  have  Nour- 
ished; not  because  many  examjdes  have  been  found  in  those  strata,  bnt 
because  the  examples  wiiich  have  been  discovered  indicate  that  t!ie  dif- 
A'rent  species  which  they  represent  reached  a  wide  range  of  dillercu- 
tiation.  Meek  &  llayden  described  Planorbis  iviivolitttis*  from  Laramie 
strata,  in  the  Upper  Missouri  Hiver  rej;ion,  which  they  regarded  as  »>f 
the  age  of  the  Jiulith  l{iver  beds.  This  sjjccies  seems  to  be  referable  to, 
or  not  widely  different  from,  the  typical  secition  of  the  genus  as  it  is 
known  among  living  forms.     It  is  represented  on  Plate  27. 

The  subgenus  liatltyomphalus  Agassiz,  :dthough  not  known  to  be  now- 
living  in  North  An)erica,  is  represented  by  three  spet.-ies  in  the  Liiramie 
Group;  but  it  has  not  been  recognized  in  any  strata  that  are  referred  to 
a  later  date.  One  of  these  species  was  obtained  from  the  Judith  Kiver 
beds,  and  was  described  by  IMeek  &  Uayden  under  the  name  oiPlunorbiK 
{liathyomphaUis)  ampkxus;\  and  the  other,  by  the  same  authors,  from 
the  Fort  Union  beds,  under  the  uaiue  of  P.  {B)  plamvoni-exm.\ 

Still  aiuither  species,  obtained  from  the  Laramie  strata  of  Southern 
Utidi  by  Trofessor  Powell,  was  described  by  myself  under  the  name  of 
I'lanorbis  (liathyomphnlns)  kanubemin.^  All  three  of  these  forms  are 
represented  on  Plate  27. 

Besides  the  species  of  ihjnmlux  that  has  already  lieen  mentioned  as 
existing  in  the  BearlJiver  Laramie  beds,  iinother  was  obtained  by  one 
of  the  parties  under  tlie  direction  of  Lieutenant  Wheeler,  from  strata 
that  belong  to  either  the  ni)per  i»art  of  tlie  Laramie  Gronj),  or  the  h)wer 
portion  of  the  Eocene.  This  species  I  Imve  described  under  the  name 
of  Planorbin  (Gi/nnilKs)  mUitariN.\\     It  is  illnstrated  on  Plate  2S. 

A  tine  large  species  of  Planorbis  wixs  desciibed  by  .Mr.  Meek  from  tiie 
ISridger  Group  of  Southern  Wyoming,  under  the  name  of /'.  iitalivnsis, 
and  also  a  variety  of  the  same  under  the  name  of  P.  s2)ecfabilin.^\  Both 
these  foiins  are  illustrate<l  on  Plate  2!). 


"  U.  S.  (i.ol.  Siir.  Ti^rr.,  vol.  ix,  p.  tm,  pi.  43,  tig.  11. 

t  U.  S.  Ocol.  .Siir.  Terr.,  vol.  ix,  ]>,  53!>,  |(1.  42,  tig.  10. 

}  U.  S.  Giol.  Siir.  TiTr.,  vol.  ix,  p.  .53t),  pi.  44,  iig.  !l, 

sU'owcH's  Kt'p,  Geologj  of  the  IJiiita  Mountains,  )).  lli>. 

il  I'mci'i'diiijr.s  U.  S.  Natioii.nl  Munchiii,  vol.  iii,  p.  ir>9. 

H  I'oi-  XIc.'k'H  (loscriptioiis  ami  figinvs  of  these  two  forms  see  U.  S.  Geol.  Siir.,  40th 
I'lirallel,  pp.  isy,  1!)0,  pi.  xvii,  tigs.  13  and  14  ;  Simpson's  Rep.  (ireat  Basin,  Utah,  pp. 
'Mi,  «)7,  pi.  V,  ligN.  (i  and  7.  Also  see  Expl.  and  Sur.  West  of  lOOth  Merid.,  vol.  iv, 
p.  SiOVl,  pi.  xxi,  tig.  8,  for  description  andtigurcs  by  \Vlute. 


Illll 

I  ''vm 


'I* 
(1 


i   l|: 


il 


i  ill 


W' 


42 


NON-MARINK    FOSSIf,    MOF.LUSCA. 


Tlii.s  species  is  siiniliir  in  outward  Ibiin  to  those  wliicli  liave  boon 
j^roiilK'd  iiiidcr  tlie  siib^ieiicric  name  of  Oymulits;  hut  in  size  It  is  very 
iiuu;ii  greater  than  any  ol'  the  species  whicli  liave  lieeii  releired  to  tiiat 
subgenus. 

A  species  somewhat  siuiihir  to  tiie  hist,  but  smaller,  nu>re  nearly  discoid 
ill  form,  and  liaviii;;'  iiiiich  nnu'c  slender  volutions,  was  obtained  by  my- 
selt'Cioiii  tliedrcen  liiver  (Iroiip  of  Southern  W'yoininj;,  and  described 
under  tiie  name  of  I'htnoi-bis  cirnittts.*  It  is  illustiated  on  Plate  'Jit. 
l''rom  the  same  region  and  from  the  same  formation  1  also  obtained  I'laii- 
orhix  ((v/i/r(//.v  White, t  wliich  is  illustrated  on  Plate  -!>.  It  seems  to 
possess  all  tlu^  characteristics  of  the  tyi)ical  section  (»f  the  jieniis. 

From  the  fresh  water  strata  that  are  referred  to  liie  Pliocene  epoch, 
only  four  species  of  I'htnorhis  have  yet  been  i»ublislied,  which,  l>eiiiff  the 
only  known  fossil  species  of  that  jienus  of  later  date  than  the  liocene, 
are  the  remainiii},'  species  to  be  noticed  in  this  article.  Three  of  these 
are  des(;iibcd  by  Meek  iS:  Ilayden  from  the  White  Uiver  tiroiip  in 
Dakota,  under  the  names  n  spcctivcly  of  I'latiarbis  rctiistitx,  /'.  Idtli/i,  and 
/'.  nihnisceit.sis.1f  They  are  illustrated  on  I'late  .'J2.  The  leinainiiifr 
species  §  was  described  by  T.  A.  Conrad,  under  the  name  of  /*.  hiiiatiis, 
from  "  l{ridf;e  Creek,  Ore}j;on,"  where  it  was  found  associated  with 
Zonilcs  mdrtiinicoht,  mentior^ed  on  a  followiiiff  paye.  Copies  of  Conrad's 
lijjiirc  are  jiivcn  oii  I'late  '.\'J. 

licfcrence  has  alrca<ly  been  made,  in  coniiecti(Mi  with  a  notice  of  Spliiv- 
riiini  nitjitniim  and  S.'  (V/«//wh.v(',  to  two  deposits  similar  to  each  other 
in  their  faiiiial  contents,  the  one  bcin^' found  in  the  nei^iliborhood  of  the 
Kawsoh  .Mcuntains,  in  Xortherii  Nevada,  and  the  other  in  .Southern 
Idaho,  which  are  re};arded  as  of  Mioc«'iie  aj;e.  These  strata  have  fur 
nishcd  a  limited  but  interesting'  molliiscan  fauna,  anions;  the  species  of 
which  are  two  that  wer.- desciibed  iiy  Mec^k  under  the  names  respect- 
ively of  Cariiiifcv  (  Vorticifvx)  tryoiii  and  ('.  ( 1'.)  I>iiinviii.\\  Iloth  these 
forms  are  illiistnited  on  Plate  .'$-'. 

Altiioii^h,  as  has  already  been  shown,  the  family  Limmeidic  (to  which 
Carinifcv  is  here  referred)  llonrishe<l  ever  siiute  Mesozoic  time,  no  other 
fossil  s]»ecies  of  Cdriiti/f.r  have  ,\et  bei-n  found  in  strata  of  an.\  aye,  mid 
no  representatives  of  that  j;e""^  'H'^'  ""^  known  to  be  liviii};'  in  North 
America  except  a  few  upon  the  I'acilic  slope.  If  the  .Miocene  lake,  the 
deposits  of  which  contain  the  two  species  of  Ctiiini/r.v  whi(;h  ha\i'  Just 
been  noticed,  had  drained  into  what  is  now  the  hydroj^raphic  basin  of 
the  Mississii>pi,  rei)reseutatives  of  that  type  as  well  as  those  of  its  asso- 
ciate moUusca  would  no  doubt  now  be  found  living  tiiere.    But  a.>   the 


'  All.  Ki'p.  r.  S.  (ioi.l.  Siir.  TfiT.  liir  l«7S,  I'nrt  1,  p.  44,  \>\.  lit,  li^'.  r>. 
t  I'mcii'cliiiff.s  I'.  S.  Nat.  Miisciiiii,  vol.  iii,  p.  1.7.1. 

{ I'or  (Icscriptioiis  and  lif;iirrs  ciC  tlicnc  tlircc  Kpci'lcs  liy  tlit'ir  authtirs,  sun  U.  S.  Oool. 
.Siir.  Ti'iT.,  vol.  ix,  pp.  (>(IU,  (iOI,  pi.  4.'),  lij;.s.  I,  %  iiiitl  :t. 
*  Am.  ,Joiir.  Conch,  vol.  vi,  p.  lil,'),  pi.  lit,  tig.  d. 
II  U.  S.  Gl'oI.  .Sur.  40tli  Parulh'l,  vol.  iv,  pp.  1S7,  1S8,  pi.  xvii,  tigH.  11  and  I'i. 


wiirrE.) 


ANNOTATED    C'ATALOGIJK 


43 


type  referred  to  is  found  among  the  living  niollu.sca  in  racillc  draitiage 
waters,  it  may  be  fairly  inferred  that  that  Miocene  lake  was  drained 
into  western  and  not  eastern  oceanic  waters.  It  should  be  remarked, 
however,  that  no  i-epresentatives  of  some  of  the  types  which  wen;  asso- 
ciated with  those  ancient  forms  of  C'arini/ex  aw  now  known  to  be  living. 


I'UYMD.K. 

The  Physidic  have  been  found  to  be  conn»aratively  well  rei>reseuted 
in  nearly  all  the  strata  which  have  furnished  any  fossil  ]mbnonate  iiutl- 
liisca.  JJoth  I'lijjHU  and  HhUhus  are  represented  by  several  sjtecies  (all 
of  which  are  regarded  as  extinct),  ranging  from  the  ('retaceous  to  the 
Miocene,  inclusive.  Notwithstanding  their  great  anti»]uity,  there  seems 
to  be  among  them  all  very  little  deviation  from  the  types  which  are 
expressed  by  the  numerous  living  species  of  those  genera. 

The  earliest  known  species  referable  to  the  Physidie  inl'liysavarletoiii 
Meek,*  which  was  obtained  by  him  from  the  Cretaceous  estuaiy  deposit 
at  Coalville,  Utah,  which  has  before  been  referred  to  in  connection  with 
Auomia prupatorm,  Vyremi  carletoni,  and  Melampusf  antiquxs.  I',  carle- 
tuui  is  represented  by  a  tigure  on  Plate  ."». 

In  many  cases  the  earliest  known  species  of  a  genus  which  is  capable 
of  subdivision  into  sulutrdinate  types  or  sections  is  not  referable  to  tiiat 
section  which  has  been  selected  by  mituralists  as  the  typical  one;  but 
in  tiw  present  case  P/(ii/.s«  mrletoni  seems  to  be  a  tyjtical  Phj/na,  while 
some  of  the  later  species  seem  to  depart  more  from  the  typical  form. 
These  facts  are,  however,  of  no  gnat  significance,  because  the  section 
of  a  genus  which  is  designated  as  typical  is  usually  oidy  conventionally 
selected;  and,  also,  because  we  cannot  know  with  certainty  whether  the 
earliest  kiu^wn  species  was  in  reality  the  earliest.  AUiiough  only  the 
one  species  just  mentioiuHl  has  yet  been  discovered  in  any  strata  of 
greater  age  thi'u  thos«  of  the  Laramie  Group  (if  we  except  u  fragment 
which  has  been  found  in  the  marine  Cretacecms  strata  at  Coalville,  I'tah, 
and  which  was  probably  drifted  to  that  position  from  the  then  adjacent 
shore!),  we  cannot  doubt  that  the  Physidie  were  comparatively  abun- 
dant in  the  Cretaceous  period,  bewuise  that  species  is  so  unmistakable 
in  its  generic  characteristics,  uiul  also  because  it  belongs  to  a  type  that 
has  reached  the  ]»resent  tin>e  unchanged. 

An  unnamed  form,  which  is  probably  a  true  I'lu/sa,  has  been  found  in 
the  IJear  River  Laramie  betls  of  Southwestern  ^Vyolning,  a  tigure  of 
which  is  given  on  Plate  C.j: 

Plate  !'."»  contains  figures  of  a  fine  large  .species  which  Professor 
Cope  «»btained  from  the  Judith  Itiver  Laramie  beds  in  the  Upper  ilis- 

*Aii.  Kl-i..  it.  S.  Oi'oI.  Siir.  Terr,  for  1877,  p.  3(Mi,  pi.  7,  fij,'.  12. 

t  V.  fi.  Oool.  Snr.  Terr,  lor  1877,  p.  :t07,  pi.  7.  lif{.  l:i.     The  figure  is  also  Kiveii  ou 
Phifc  LXV,  accniiipnii.ving  this  article, 
t  Au.  Rep.  U.  S.  Gool.  Siir.Terr.  for  1878,  Part  I,  p.  85,  pi.  30,  fig.  11. 


44 


n(»\-m.\1{im:  rossii,  >M»i,r-rscA. 


1 


soiiri  KivtT  rfyioii,  ;iii(l  wliicli  I  describiMl  under  the  name  of  Physa 
(•«/*('(.* 

Sonic  ri'ii;rtnciit.s  of  a  I'liynn  have  been  found  in  tlie  Laiiiniie  stiatii  of 
rrow  Creek  N'iilh'v  in  Colorado,  east  of  tlie  IJcxky  Mountains,  tliat  indi- 
cate a  soiiiewiiat  rcniarkaMc  and  intercstinjj  form.  It  was  descriltci!  l)y 
ine  imdcr  the  name  of  I'lii/sit  /vli.r,]  Tlie  best  examph'  yet  discovered 
is  ti;;iired  on  I'late  !.'."». 

A  s|iecics  wliicli  occurs  in  the  Waiisatcli  Clrouj)  of  Koecne  strata  in 
Soutiicni  Wyoiiiint;'  and  adjacent  jiarts  of  <'ol<nado  and  Ctaii,  and 
w  liicli  readii 's  a  yrcater  size  tliaii  any  otin  i  known  fossil  I'lu/sn,  iierliaps 
e\ce|ttiii^  /'.  ((»/«/,  has  been  described  by  myself  under  the  name  of  /'. 
Iilcromiitis.f  The  type  specimen  of  the  sjiccies  is  iinuied  on  I'late  .">(». 
Some  iiPiieil'ect  specimens  have  been  found  in  Colorado,  a|»|)areiitly  be- 
lonniii;;  to  this  si)ecies,  that  indicate  a  very  much  };reater  size.  A  par- 
tially restored  tijiurc  of  one  of  these  is  {jiveii  <m  Plate  ;{0. 

Another  line  sjiecies  has  bcrn  described  by  Meek  I'rom  the  Ibidficr 
j'loceiic  };roup  ttf  Southern  Wyoming,  under  the  name  of /V///.v«  hridtjir- 
ciisis.^     It  is  illustrated  on  I'late  .'tO. 

I'In/sa  jtliromdlis  is  a])parcntly  a  typical  1'liy.sti,  but  /'.  hritlijciriisis 
l)crhaiis  ou^hr  to  be  reft"."Vi'  to  liiiliints.  I''or  present  coincnienee, 
however,  it  is  rcfericd  to  I'hum. 

From  the  Mioce  le  White  Kiver  (Inmp  of  Dakota,  Evans  iS:  Shiuiiard 
described  I'lnjxii  s,cmin(i,\\  \\\m\\'\}>  represented  on  i'late  ;{!.'.  It  has  a 
very  modern  aspccf,  altliouj^h  it  is  lu  j^arded  as  an  extinct  sju-cies.  No 
fossil  /'////.S7(  of  later  a^<'  than  this  has  yet  been  published  from  any 
North  American  strata,  but  one  or  more  sjtecies  is  known  to  exist  in 
certain  strata  of  Southern  W'yomiiiff  and  Xorthwcsteru  Colorado,  which 
Professor  I'owell  lias  named  the  llrown's  Park  (iioiip,  and  are  jirobably 
of  Pliocene  a^i'c. 

The  ncnus  Jinliiius  is  well  represented  in  the  Laramie  (iroiij),  bat  no 
other  specii's  of  that  fjenns  has  yet  been  imblished  from  any  other  Noi  th 
American  strata,  unless  Physn  />/'/»///c/('/(,s/,v  should  jnove  to  be  a  JiiiUniis, 
as  already  suy:};t'stcd.  Associated  with  I'liijsa  vopei  in  the  .ludith  K'iver 
Laramie  beds.  Professor  Cope  found  a  linelar};'c  species  of  Jlulinii.s  which 
I  dcsiiiibed  under  the  name  of  B.  tiiarns.^]  It  is  tif;urcd  on  Plate  2'). 
■  «yt.'4^  '■'■'*"'  l^hc    Laramie  strata,  at  the  mouth  of  Judith  Kiver,  .Aleek  & 

i./^^-Ilay(leii  obtained  the  type  specimens  of  Jiiilinun  ntdiclDiij/atiis ;**  which 


"^     y  i  ¥-'^.h^'»-^*^'^  represented  on  Plate  2.5. 
ft^*^^  I  '  From  the  Fort  liiiou  Lari 


unie  beds  two  other  specimens  of  BiiHiius 


•An.  Ifi'ii.  I'.  S.dii.l.  Siir.  T.ir.  for  IriTs,  I'mt  1,  p. HI,  \>\.  -i-i,  lif?.  1. 
tAii.  li'ip.  I'.  S.  (Jc.l.  Siir.  Terr,  lor  I-;-',  \'im  I,  p.  HI,  p).  'ii,  [\i,.  \. 
\V.\\A.  anil  ."^ur.  West  ofllic  IdOtli  Mi'riil.,  vol.  iv,  p.  ail;  pi.  xxl,  lig.  1. 
SS  An.  Iicp.  f.  S.  (icol.  Siir.  Terr,  lor  IHT-',  Part  1,  p.  Vt,  i)l.  10,  f\%.  10. 
II  i;.  .S.  (jlt'ol.  8nr.  Twr.  vol.  ix,  p.  (KM,  1>1.  I'),  lif;.  1. 
11  An.  Uc)).  ir.  S.'(icol.  Snr.  Terr,  lor  1H7H,  I'arl  I,  p.  ^i>,  pi.  24,  lig.  5. 
"  U.  S.  Oifol.  Snr.  Terr.,  vol.  ix,  p.  540,  pi.  4v',  tig.  Hi. 


WIIITK.I 


ANNOTATKI)    CATALoOirK. 


46 


were  (IcsiuiluMl  li\  Meek  t!^  Ilu.yiU'i;,  midfr  llic  iiami's  r»'s|)('cli\('l.\  of 
It.  loiiijiitsvidiis  and  />'.  rlioiiiboiileiis,*  Ixitli  ol'  wliicli  aic  rrprcsciitt'd  on 
IMatc  LT).  'I'licst'  two  Hums  arc  so  closely  like  /7///.w(  that  llicy  may 
a|>|tarciilly  be  Willi  c(|iial  i»roi>iicl,\  rclcircd  to  that  ;;('Imis.  Indi'cd  it' 
these  two  si)cci<'s  arc  juopcrly  relened  to  lluNniis,  tlicii  I'lnisn  hiidiicr- 
t'«.v/«  and  one  or  two  other  species  herein  ret'erred  to  / '////.s(Miu;;lit  to  lie 
rcl'cii'cd  to  lliiliiiiis  also. 

In  the  liaraniie  strata,  east  of  the  Itocky  -Monntains,  in  <'oloiado,  Hii- 
linns  ilisjinictKs  \\h\U',\  omnY>i.     It  is  represented  on   I'latc  L'."». 

Another  Laramie  spc(ues  was  discovered  in  Stnithcrn  Utah  by  I'ro- 
lessen'  J'owcll,  which  I  described  innhM'  the  munc  of  I'lii/.sa  l:iniiihr)isls,  | 
but  which  (mj;ht  to  be  referred  to  Huliiiits.  This  spccucs  is  yet  known 
only  by  specimens  that  are  too  imperfect  for  satisfactory  illustration. 


A.NCYt.ni.i:. 


The  Ancyliihc,  when  present,  always  Ibrni  an  inconspicuous  feature 
in  any  fresh- water  fauna,  and  the  family  is  represented  by  oidy  two 
juddishcd  spetiies,  so  far  as  is  now  known,  in  all  the  North  American 
strata.  One  of  these  sju'cies,  Avrolo.nis  miniitiis,  ,"\Icek  i*c  llay(h'n,  was 
obtained  by  them  from  the  Larannc.  strata  near  Fort  I'nion,  in  the  Tp- 
l»er  Missouri  JMver  re};ion.§     It  is  illustrated  (ui  I'late  I'k 

'j.he  other  fossil  representative  of  the  family  is  Auciilns  iiikIiiIiiIks, 
Meek, II  from  the  Miocene  de|»osit  of  the  Kawsoh  Mountains  ot  Northern 
Nevada,  where  it  was  found  associated  with  the  two  s|)eciesof  C'ariiiijr.v 
that  have  already  been  mentioned,  ami  also  with  certain  other  fresh- 
water forms.     Jt  is  represented  on  I'late  .'W. 

In  the  Southern  Idaho  etpiivalcnt  of  the  ICocenc  beds  jnst  nicnlioned, 
associated  with  Mvhtnia  tdijlori,  l/itltKuln  itnl'muK,  Sithivriiini  rinjosiim, 
&.V.,  an  inlercstiu};-  shell  has  been  fouinl  which  seems  to  a;nivc  with  the 
yenus  /,«//«  (.i ray,  although  that  kcuus  has  hitherto  l)cen  known  only 
in  certain  portions  of  Oceanica,  and  only  in  the  livinj;-  slate. 

This  tbrm  nmy  be  brielly  characterizetl  as  follows: 

Lufw  (litllii  (sj).  iiov.),  plate  ;Jli,  ligures  .{7,  ;!.S,  ;i!»,  jind  4(».  Shell  sub- 
ovate  in  mart;inal  outline;  irrej;ularly  convex  above;  the  posterior  por- 
tion iiarrowiu};  rapidly  to  a  small  prominent  umbo,  which  <'iids  in  a 
very  small,  ch>scly-iucurved  beak;  the  beak  turned  a  little  to  the  ri;'ht 
side,  and  nndiiuf;-  about  one  full  volution;  semilumir  shelf  (U'  septum 

comparatively  larjj;*'.     Surface  nnirked  by  nniny  strong,  irregular,  c - 

centric  un<luhilions;  but  otherwise  it  is  comparatively  smooth,  beinj;' 
marked  only  by  line  lines  of  growth. 


»V.  .S.O.M.l.  Sur.  -IVrr.,  vol.  ix,  pp.  ,541,. M-i,  pi.  .|;!,  (!{;«.  IC  aiul  17. 
t  An.  U.'p.  U.  8.  Gi'ol.  Siir.  Terr,  lor  Is;.-),  I'ait  i,  j..  H(i,  pi.  a4,  (ig.  (i. 

I  I'owcll'.s  Kep.  Gfology  of  tbo  Uiuta  Moiiutiiiiis,  p.  U'J. 
i  U.  S.  Gcol.  Siir.  Terr.,  vol.  ix,  p.  rm,  pi.  4-1,  fig.  10. 

II  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  40th  Parallel,  vol.  Iv,  p.  186,  pi.  xvii,  flg.  12. 


46 


NON-MAHINK    FOSSIL    MOMAISCA. 


Loiigtli,  Ki  inilliineti'rs;  breadth,  tU  iuilliiiu;ti!i'H;  height,  7  inilliiiivterH. 
Tht>  spcfitlf  name  is  jjiveii  in  h<»n(»r  oi"  ."Mr.  W.  II.  Dall,  whose  impor- 
tant worits  npon  tlie  mollnsea  are  well  Ivnowii. 


Mm 


I!  5' 


vniiixiD.i;. 

It  is  a  suyK«''"*t've  (art  tliat  so  large  a  proiiortion  of  tiie  fossil  non- 
mar'  le  niolius(;a,  wiiieii  iiave  l)een  found  in  Nortii  Ameri(;an  strata,  are 
airlireatiiing  land  snails.  Tills  result  of  lield-invcstigation  is  unex- 
pected, both  because  individuals  of  none  of  the  living  land-snails  are 
I'ouiid  in  as  great  nuudiers  as  nmn.v  of  the  gill-bearing  water  snails  are, 
and  because  all  the  speeimens  that  have  been  preserved  in  the  fossil 
state  must  have  been  transported  from  the  land  into  the  waters  in  the 
sedinu'Uts  of  whi(^h  they  were  preserved  after  the  death  of  the  niollusks 
which  foiined  them.  We  must  therefoic  eonclude  that  in  former  geo- 
logical epochs  the  laiidsnails  were  ])ro]K)rtionall,v  cpiite  as  abundant  as 
Iht'V  are- now,  and  it  seems  |>robab]e,  also,  that  the  shores  of,  and  the 
region  round  about,  the  Larainiesea,  and  those  of  the  great  fresh-water 
lakes  which  sueeec^ded  that  sea,  formed  a  i»eculiarl.v  favorable  habitat 
for  lainl  mollnsea. 

.Iiidging  from  the  eharaeter  of  a  portion  of  the  fossil  shells  that  have 
been  diseovered,  and  from  the  wide  diversity  in  the  families  of  land  mol- 
lnsea. which  is  indicated  by  the  collections  that  have  been  nnule  from 
various  formations,  we  eannot  doubt  that  the  faunly  Vitriniche  was 
represented,  at  least  during  the  Laranue  and  Tertiary  periods.  It  is 
not  to  be  denied,  however,  that  with  a  knowIe«lge  of  the  shells  only,  and 
they  usually  more  or  less  imperfect,  it  is  not  always  possible  to  say  with 
liertainty  that  those  which  v.e  refer  to  that  family  really  belong  to  it; 
or  that  they  may  not  belong  to  ;he  llelicidie. 

The  three  I'ollowing-naTiied  .species  were  described  by  Meek  &  Hay- 
den,  and  referred  by  them,  uol  without  some  doubt,  to  the  Vitrini»la'. 
Tiiey  obtained  them  from  the  .ludith  Itiver  Laraude  beds  of  the  Upjier 
Missouri  IJiver  region,  and  named  them  respectively,  VUrinaf  ohiiqua, 
I'l/aliiiit  /  occidenialin,  ami  U.f  evmm.*  All  three  of  these  forms  are 
lepresented  by  figures  on  Plate  27. 

From  the  Wind  Kiver  Group  of  Eo(;ejie  strata,  in  Wyoming,  Meek 
&  llaydeu  also  obtained  a  fine  large  species,  which  they  described 
under  the  name  of  Macrocyclis  8patiosa,\  which  is  represented  on  Plate  30. 

AIUONID^. 

Among  the  most  interesting  remains  of  land  niollusca  that  have  been 
discovered  are  those  which  Dr.  J.  W.  Dawson  has  published  at  difl'ereut 
times  from  the  Coal-Measures  of  Nova  Scotia.    He  was  the  first  to  demon- 


*  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  Terr.  vol.  ix,  pp.  r)45-54»,  pi.  42,  flgs.  fi  and  7. 
tU.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  Terr.,  vol.  ix,  p.  594,  pi.  42,  fig.  9. 


«1 


niiiii'.  I 


ANNOTATKIi    (  AI'AI.OOI  T.. 


siriilf  tliat  a  \vj(lt>l,v  tlitlcroiitiiiti'd  liiiid  iiiolliisraii  laiiii;!  cvistrd  ilnriii^' 
tile  Coal  Mcasin'c  pcrintl,  if  not  iniu'li  iMilicr. 

Il'llio  s|t('('i(',s  wliitrli  l)i'.  Dawsdii  (Icsciilicd  iiiiilcr  llii-  iiaiiif  ii\'  Xinii lis 
l)iixriis,^'  Irdiii  tli('('i»al  Mfasiiiv  strata  ol'  South  -lo^^i^iiis.  Nova  Scniia, 
is  really  a  /miilrn^ov  a  closely  relati-d  I'oriii,  «<■  have  proul  ot'  ihc  remark- 
able lacl  tlial  the  I'aiiiil.v  Arioiiida*  was  well  established  in  tiie  Carliiiii- 
il'eioiis  n>n\  'I'lie  correctness  of  tin;  relVrence  ol'  this  species  to  the 
Arionida-  lieinj;'  accepted,  we  naturally  conclude  that  othei'  niend)ers  ol' 
the  I'ainily  have  e\iste*l  sonu-where  during'  all  the  time  that  has  elapsed 
since  the  ('arhonil'ei'ous  a^c;  but  yet  I'ennuns  of  no  other  represcnta 
lives  ol'  the  Ariouida-  arc  now  known  to  exist  in  any  North  American 
strata,  it'  we  except  the  one  mentioned  below.  Copies  of  Mr.  DawscnTs 
original  lij;ures  of  /oniirs  jirisriis  are  ;;iven  on  Plate  ;.'.  His  specimens 
were  found  associated  with  I'lijxi  rcfustii  and  /'.  hinshi/i  Dawson,  both 
of  which  specie's  are  nu'Utioned  in  their  order  on  followin;;'  i)a;;es. 

.Mr.  T.  A.  Conrad  pid)lished  a  form  umler  the  name  of  llili.r  (Xmiilrs) 
m(tniiuin>Ui,\  fiom  Uridfje  Creek,  Oregon,  which  probably  comes  from  a 
fresh  water  lM)cene  deposit.  His  si)ecimciis  seem  to  have  been  very  im- 
perfect and  unsiitisfaetory.    .V  coi)yof  his  lii,nire  is  {ji'iven  on  I'lute  .'{-'. 


ma.K  Mi.K. 

Among'  other  molluscau  renuiins  that  have  been  discovered  in  the 
Coalmeasure  strata  of  Indiana  and  referred  to  the  Pidmojiata  is  a  form  to 
which  Professor  P.radley  gave  the  generic  name  of  Ddirnoiirlhi,  describ 
ing  the  species  under  the  uameol  />.  m«7.//'.|  Dr.  Dawson,  in  comment- 
ing upon  this  form,  expresses  the  opinion  that  it  Ixdongs  to  the  Ilelicida' 
"near  Jlrli.r  [TriodoitsiK)  palliatd  and  7/.  {Stciiotirmd)  mDiioilmi;"^  l)ut 
Professoi-  Whitlield  expresses  the  opiidon  that  it  was  an  opcnulate  shell 
resendiling  Jlrlicin<i.\\ 

For  present  ocuvenieuce,  and  without  reference  to  the  merits  ol  the 
question  raised,  this  .species  is  here  left  where  Dr.  Dawson  first  placed 
it.  It  is  in  either  case  very  jirobable  that  true  nuMubers  of  the  Ilcdicida^ 
really  ilid  exist  <luring  the  Coalmeasure ej»och,  contemporaneouMy  with 
the  Pupida-  which  are  known  to  have  existed  then,  and  which  are  pres- 
ently to  be  mentioned.  Dnirsoiirlla  ineekii  is  represented  on  IMute 
2  by  copies  of  ['rofessor  Whitfield's  figures. 

If  Pitirsoiidla  should  i)rove  not  to  belong  to  tiie  Ilelicida;,  the  earliest 
examples  of  that  fannly  which  are  yet  kimwn  to  occur  in  North  Ameri- 
can strata  are  ftmnd  in  the  Laranne  Clreup.  From  the  -Judith  l.'iver 
Larando  beds  of  the  Upper  Mis.souri  rejjion  Meek  &;  Ilaydeu  obtained 
two  species  which  arc  referred  to  this  family.    The  tirst  thev  described 


*Aiii.  .Jour.  Sci.,  V(.l.  xx  (:t),  p.  Ill,  li^rn.  10  unci  11. 
tAui.  Jour.  (Joiifli.,  vol.  vi,  p.  :il.'),  pi.  13,  tig.  0. 
tAiii.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  iv  (3),  p.  88. 
J  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  xx  (3),  p.  413. 
IIAiu.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  xxi  (3),  p.  127. 


48 


NON-MAKINK    KOSSII,    MOLMISCA. 


as  IfvlU-  PctiiMta,  and  tlic  tttlu'r  iiiMlcr  tla*  naiiicoi'  TlunimaHtiiM  limniv/in- 
mix;*  lli«>  lii'st  lu'iii;;  ivpn'Mt'iitotl  on  l'liit«>  '21  aiitl  tlic  latlt-r  on  IMatcLTi. 
The  I'orintM' is  lu'i'liaps  not  a  t,v|ii<'al  //r/u,  lait  tlit>  latttT  is  pioltalily  a 
true  i't*|ii'«'st'iilaliv*'  of  Tim KiimsliiSy  us  t\n\i  p-nus  is  known  anion;;  livin;; 
nuiiinsca.  If  so,  it  is  lln>  <ail,v  fossil  rcpirscntativt'  ol'  tin-  section  of 
tin*  ll(>li('i<hc  to  wliicli  it  l)*'lon;;s  that  is  at  piTsont  kiniwn  in  Nortli 
Ana-rim  sti'ata  (if  wi'  fxrept  tlic  Hiiliinis  jlor'nUtmiH  of  ('onnul  frtini  tli« 
I'locfiH' of  l<Moi'i<la  anil  pi'iliaps  also  tlif  spfcics  nifiitioiu'il  on  pa;;c '(O 
niidcr  tii(>  nana' of  Limiitvn  (l.innioplti/Mtt ,')  mmitactilin,  altlioii;;li  livini;^ 
H|K-('i«-s  of  TliiiiimitsliDi  Mv  not  niiconinion  in  tlic  soiitlu'in  part  of  Noitli 
iVint'iica. 

I'roMitlio  Tort  Union  LaraiiiiulKMlHof  the  Uppn-  .Missiaui  Kivcr  r«>t;ioii 
Meek  iV  Ihtydfii  also  )luscril)«>il  two  spccios  uf  lldiiMtla-  nii<lcr  the 
nana'sit'spcctivt'l.vof  r(»/u?«»jfl  /c/v^anil  ('.  rcrmivulaA  Tla'si' also  arc  tlic 
onl,v  representatives  of  tlicir  nennstliat  mv  yet  known  in  Xtatli  Aineri- 
cun  strata,  and,  liku  the  next  preecdin;;'  sjieeies,  no  living' conveners  arc 
found  in  Nortli  Aiiieriea  so  far  northward  as  the  localities  from  which 
the  fossil  species  were  obtained.  Hotli  these  tonus  arc  represented  on 
Plate  li.j. 

I-'nan  the  Laramie  strat'  'Siaithcrn  Utah  Professor  Powell  obtained 
a  species  ot  lliti.r  that  si  i  possess  the  characteristics  of  the  siili- 

fjeinis  Sfri)hilii  Morse,  an  ...h  I  have   described  niuler  the  name  of 

Jlcli.r  h(n(iheiiHis.\  It  is  tifjured  on  Plate  :.*'».  It  was  fcaind  associated 
with  I'lii/nii  l,(tn(thi)iHis  and  I'liinofhh  (HatliyoniphuliiK)  k/iiKthinHix,  both 
of  which  have  already  been  noticed. 

A  scries  of  coal  bcariii!;  strata  near  Kvaiist(Hi,H<mtli western  Wyoiiiin;;, 
which  apiiarcntly  belong;  t<»  the  upper  part  of  the  Laramie  (iroiip,  have 
fnrnislicd  a  number  of  specii's  of  pnlinonate  nioUiisca,  amoii^  which 
are  two  species  of  Hcli.i;  namely  ILSepulta  and  //.  craniiloiinisis  \Vliite.§ 
The  foriiier  seems  to  possess  tlu^  siib^'cneric  characteristics  of  J'aliila 
llaldeinan,  and  althon^h  its  eharacteristicH  have  been  quite  clearly 
ascertained,  the  spcciiaens  are  all  too  im))crfect  for  ll;;niiii;t.  //.  rntiix- 
loiinisis  is  apparently  referable  to  the  subjjeniis  Triixlopsin  lialiiiesipic. 
It  is  ti(<;nred  on  Plate  27. 

From  the  Wind  Kivcr  (Sronp,  a  series  of  freshwater  Koeene  strata  in 
Western  Wyoming,  a  tine  species  was  obtained  by  Meek  iV  llaydeii 
and  des<aibed  by  them  nnder  the  naiiie  of  Ifili.vf  i'rtcriiu.\\  It  is  repre- 
sented by  copies  of  Mr.  Mcck's  (If^nres  <m  Plate  ^U.  <'crtain  charac- 
teristics presented  by  this  shell  cause  soinc(U)ul)ts  to  aiisc  as  to  its  real 

*  Kin'  limiirs  iiikI  <l«'Ncriiilii)iiN  of  both  tlu'sti  Hperivs  stio  IT.  8.  Oeol.  8ur.  Tort'.,  vol. 
i.\.,  pp.  .V>2,  .V>:t,  I.I.  12,  l\n.  7;  and  pi.  44,  tim'.  H. 

t  U.  S.  (icdl.  Siir.  Tt'iT.,  vol.  I.\,   pp.  K>U,  tiM,  pi.  44,  ligH.  11  aiul  l!i, 

tl'owcll'N  l{i<p.  (irolofry  of  lliiitii  Moiiiitains,  p.   ViO. 

i'Vlw  first  of  llii'Hi'  Hprcii'.s  was  orif;inally  ili'scribed  in  I'roc.  II.  S.  Nut.  Musonm, 
vol.  iii,  p.  KM);  and  the  other  in  Bull  U.  8.  Gool.  Sur.  Torr.,  vol.  iv,  p.  714. 

II U.  8.  Geol.  Sur.  Terr.,  vol.  ix,i».  .'ilM),  pi.  4-i,  iig.  8. 


WIMII',  I 


ANNOTATKD    CATALOCifi:. 


4f) 


iiniiiilics;  hill  it  JM  iit  invHciil  U'ft  witli  the  Ilcliciiln'.  wlicn'  timsc  mi 
tliors  pliircd  it. 

I'lot'cNsiir  l'ii\v«>ll  iilitaiiUMl  I'loiii  llii-  l>lll«'r  (iri'k  (iroiiit  in  ('nitiiil 
I'tiili,  the  ciirlicsf  of  the  Ircsliwiilcr  Mocciit'  sciics,  ii  species  wliieli  I 
«le.scril»e«l  iiiidei'  the  iiiiiiie  //c/i.c /«///(//( //c*  iiiiil  wliirii  iiiipeiiis  lo  pos 
Mi'ss  tlu'  siiliy;eiierie  elniiiiclerislies  id'  .1///"'"  Alheis,  I'nmi  the  Ivieeiie 
(iiveii  Ikiver  <ii'oiip  t»r  Soiillierii  W.\<tiiiiiiy  ImmiIso  uliliiiiieil  //.  rlpmiii^ 
Wiiite,  wliieli  is  iippnreiill.v  releraltle  tii  ilie  siiii;;('inis  Arimitd  l.ciieli. 
liotli  tlie  Inst  iiieiitiiiiieil  .species  lire  ll;;iire<l  on  I'late  U!). 

W'lietlier  llvli.i-  h<ui<ih(iif<iK,  II.  svpultit,  II.  rniiistoiicnsis,  II.  inrijilirriii, 
anil  ll.riiHiriii  arc  eiuTccti.v  relerrcil  to  the  lespeelive  siiii;;('iieia  iiiciiii- 
iiectimi  witliwliidi  ihcv  have  just  l»eeii  iiieiilidiied,  oniot,  tiieir  diversity 
<d'  t'oriii  ;;ives  siilhcieiit  iiidication  thai  the  llclicida' had  heciiine  wiih'iy 
diU'erciitiated  diiriiif;'  tlmse  early  epwclis  in  which  they  lived,  pnil)alily 
ipiite  as  widely  as  their  li\iiij;  leiireseiitatives  are,  and  under  closely 
Hiiiiilar  I'oriiis. 

At  present,  the  ttiily  kintwii  Miocene  species  oj'  llrli.r  is  //.  Iiiili/i  Hall 
&  .Meek;  which  is  also  the  oidy  known  lossil  species  of  that  ^e""'^  <d 
later  dat<'  than  the  JCoceiie.^     It  is  represented  on  I'lale  'JJ. 

iTi'ii).!:. 

If  it  were  not  that  the  existence  of  a  diversilled  land  inolhi.scan  fauna 
duiin«  the  <'oal-Measiire  jieriod  is  ii  well cstahlished  fact,  we  slnuild  be 
sh)W  to  ac(!ei»t  the  conclusion  of  Dr.  Daw.son  that  the  shell  which  he 
has  described  from  the  i'^rian  (Devonian)  plant-beds  of  St.  .loliiis.  New 
liriinswick,  under  the  name  of  iStropliitcs  iinnidirfa^  is  really  a  land 
.snail.  Ill  view  of  the  fact  Just  state<l,  and  of  the  reasons  which  he  ^jives 
for  his  eoiK'liisions,  we  .seem  to  have  no  rea.son  to  (h)iil»t  that  the  shell  in 
•  picstion  i.s,  as  he  sii-> nest.s,  elo.sely  related  lo  I'liim.  A  copy  id'  his  lij; are 
of  it  is  niveii  on  I'late  I. 

Although  an  unexpectedly  larf^e  iiiimlier  of  .sj)ecies  of  ik  iiinarine 
mollu.sea  has  been  obtained  from  strata  so  anciei-t  as  tlio.se  of  the  Coal- 
Measures,  the  fact  that  theiiasleropoila  areall  land  snails  shows  clearly 
that  the  complete  non-marine  niolliKsca  of  that  jieriod  is  very  far  Ironi 
beiii}--  fully  known.  It  cannot  be  sui'i>o.sed  that  coordinate  families, 
similar  to  tho.se  with  which  rei»re,sentativesof  the  sjiecies  referred  to  are 
raneonsly  with  those  ancient  species  which  have  been  discovered.  'I'he 
known  to  have  been  afterwards  a.s.sociated,  did  not  exist  contenipo- 
continental  area,  however,  haviiif--  been  at  that  time  smaller  than  it 
afterward  became,  the  rivers  were  iie«'essarily  comparatively  lew  and 
small.  Therefore,  the  fresh-water  midlii.sca.  as  compared  with  tho.se  of 
the  land,  were  perhaiKs  proportionally  fewer  then. 


•  Powell's  Ut'p.  Geology  Uinta  Monutuin»,  p.  130. 
t  Ibid. 

t  Sfo  inontion  of  some  Cnliforniaspocios  of  Holicidiu  found  in  a  fossilizpil  condition, 
under  the  head  of  spuiionH  and  doubtful  species,  ou  a  following  page. 
iJAin-  Jour.  .Sci.,  vol.  xx  (;i),  p.  4l;i, 
4 


m- 


50 


NON-MARINE    FOSSIL    MOI.U'SCA. 


Among'  tli(>  non-maiiiio  inoUusca  which  liavc  hccii  discovcicd  in  tlip 
Coiil-Mi'iisniv  stiiitii  of  Ciiniidii  iiiid  the ''nitcd  St;itos  iirc  Tour  . species 
wliicli  belon;>'  to  tlie  Pui)idii'.  Dr.  Diiwson  wiis  th<'  first  to  iceof'nizc 
the  puliiioiiiite  chiiriicter  of  these  inollnsks.  iind  he  deseiihed  the  lirst- 
discovered  sjiecies  nnth'i'  the  inline  of  I'lipa  rvtiislii,  I  In-  f.vjK'  siioeiinens 
of  wiiieli  lie  obtiiined  from  the  (.'oiil  .'Meiisnre  stnita  ill  Soiitli  .lojiH'"'"*; 
XoVii  Seotiii.*  Copies  <if  his  (Ifiiires  of  lliis  species  are  given  on 
Pla'e  -2. 

Trofessor  Ihadh-ydescrilied  /'.  rcnnillioiicii.^ixWvoxn  tlieC'oal-.Measiires 
of  Indiana,  and  snl»se(|neiil],v  I):.  Dawson  described  a  second  sjie- 
cies  under  the  name  ol'  /'.  hij/slriiji  IVom  the  same  stiata  and  same  hxrality 
in  Nova  .Scotia  tliat  liad  fnrnislied  exampli's  of  /'.  rvtiistd.  I'.otli 
tliese  species  are  rei>reseiited  by  copies  of  Dr.  Dawson's  ligures  on 
riate  1!. 

Within  the  j)reseiit  year  (ISSl)  Professor  WhitfieUl  has  descrilied  a 
fourth  Pnpa-iilu'  Ibiin  from  tlie  (.'oal-.Measurc  strata  near  Marietta,  Ohio, 
for  wiiicii  lie  ]iri)posed  (he  new  generic  naii;i'  of  .l;////)v/co/>(f/>«,  describ- 
ing the  species  under  the  name  of  .1.  iiliioiiinis.^  Copies  of  Prolessoi- 
Whitlield's  figures  are  given  on  Plate  '2. 

Whether  the  species  (iescribed  as  I'lipd  by  Dawson  and  liradley  strictly 
belong  to  the  fyjiical  forms  of  that  genius,  as  it  is  represented  by  living 
sitccies,  or  not,  there  seems  tol)e  no  room  for  reasonable  doniit  that  all  four 
of  the  Carboniferous  forms  that  have  Just  lieeii  noticed  belong  to  the 
family  I'upiihe.  This  being  the  c.i.se,  it  caMiiol  lie  donlited  that  the  family 
was  well  rei»ri'sented  during  all  subseipient  «'pochs;  and  yet  no  oilier  fossil 
si»ecies  liesides  these  have  lieen  discovered  in  North  American  strata, 
e.\ce])t  tiiosc  which  have  been  found  in  the  fresh  water  Kocene  dejiosits 
of  S.aitlicrn  Wyoming. 

One  of  these  l-'.oceiic  species  was  described  by  Mr.  Meek, from  the 
Ibidgcr  (iron]),  in  .Soiitliern  Wyoming,  under  the  name  I'lipa'^  le!(liji.\\ 
The  type  s]iccimeii  of  this  sj)ccics  seems  to  have  been  lost,  and  tlcre- 
fore  no  lignre  of  it  can  be  gi\'eii.  Ir  .'viilciitly  difTered  coiisideralily 
from  the  typical  forms  of  I'njxu  ami  Mr.  ."Meek  was  in  doubt  whether  it 
might  not  with  inopriety  be  referred  to  Ilnlospirn  .\lbers. 

The  remaining  Ihiee  species  of  the  Piipida'  lobe  noticed  in  this  article 
were  all  obtaineil  from  the  (treen  I{i\er  l']ocene  (iroiip  at  one  locality, 
in  Hoiithern  Wyoming.  They  iiave  been  imblislied  niider  the  Ibllowing 
names,  res])cclivel,\  :   I'lijia  iiicohitu,  P.turiuild,  and  P.aldniiicnlu  Wliite.^j 

The  first-named  s|»ecies  seems  to  belong  to  the  sniigeniis  Lcuvoclieila 

'Aiiidiaii  (ii'()li>n.v,  l"*.')'),  ]>.  lliO;  Am.  .lour. , Sri.,  vdI.  x.\  (:I),  [>.  40.j. 
t  Am.  .lour.  Sci,,  vol.  iv  (:i),  i>.  h7. 
tAui..lour.  Sci.,  vol.  XX  (:i),  p.  41IJ. 

*  Tor  ficiiiTic  (liiiijuosis  iiuil  s))('cHi('  I'l'scriptiou  .soo  Am.  Jour.  Sri.  vol.  xx  (^)i  p.  120. 
I  Xu.  W'p.  r.  S.  Gcol.  Sur.  Terr.,  for  Ir-i-i.  p.  .MT. 

']  l''(M'  ili'sciipliou.s  ami  litfurcs  of  llicsc  three  spucii's,  nit  Au.  I{(p.  I'.  S.  (icol.  Sur, 
IVir.,  loi-  lr7H,  Fart  1,  pp.  4li,47,|''.  I'J,  lifH.  7,  «,  anil 'J. 


i 


1:  1 


L^     .S 


\viini;.l 


ANNOTATKIJ    (ATALOdli;. 


51 


Alb.  (S:  Mart.;  niid  tlu'  otlior  two  arc  id'ciTcd  piovisionally  to  Piipilla 
Loach.  All  tlirce  of  tlicsc  f'oniis  arc  rcim'sciilcd  on  Plate  I'O.  Owiiij; 
to  tlic  impcrrccUoii  of  llic  type  -sjicciiiu'iis  of  tlicso  ilircc  sjiccics. tlicir 
reference  to  the  snl)};eneia  which  hav<'Jnst  liccn  nieiitioned  is  not  made 
with  entire  confidence;  but  whethei'  this  reference  is  correi't  or  not,  it 
is  a  well-established  fact  that  the  family  I'lipidiu  had  ac(|nircd,  as  early, 
at  least,  as  the  earliest  Eocen«',  nearly  or  quite  all  the  characteristics 
which  di.stiugHi.sh  it  at  the  present  (hiy. 

SUCCINID^. 

Although  so  larfi'c  a  number  and  fiieat  variety  of  other  land-snails 
have  been  discover<'d  in  the  strata  of  various  {jfoological  i)eriods,  only  a 
si ufile  species  referalde  to  tiie  Suceinida-,  has  yet  been  foand  in  North 
American  sti'ata.  This  is  ,iinriii(((  jxipillispint,  White,*  which  was  ob- 
tained from  the  upper  jfortion  of  the  Clrecn.  liiver  Eoceiu-  ;ironi»  in 
Bonthern    Wyoinin;;',   and   which    iilaiidy   belongs    to    the    subycnas 

BruchyHpim  I'feifler. 

NiatniD.i;. 

Since  the  greater  part  of  the  known  species  of  this  family,  both  living 
and  fossil,  are  ol'  marine  origin,  oidy  those  of  its  fossil  rejjresi'ntatives 
which  are  (bund  associated  with  such  forms  as  indicate  that  they  lived  in 
a  brackish  or  nearly  fresh  water  habitat  will  be  considered  in  this  article. 
The  species  thus  falling  under  consideration  embrace  two  subordinate 
types  of  ?<ciithia  and  these  oidy.  One  of  the  tyjies  is  a])iiarently  i<len- 
ti(;al  with  that  of  the  common  lluvatile  living  species  of  Ac;  ,7/'<(/(,  which 
may  be  regarded  as  the  tyjiical  section  of  the  genus,t  but  theoflier  tyjjc 
is  extinct.  Instead  of  having  been  conlined  to  either  brackish  or  fresh 
water,  both  these  types  have  representatives  in  strata  oi  both  brackish 
water  and  marine  origin.  That  is,  for  exami»le,  a  sj)ccies  of  each  type 
is  found  in  the  Laramie  group,  associated  with  Cothiculd,  Vorhuht,  I'liio, 
onil  Mchiiiid.  Other  species  of  both  types  arc  foinid  in  Tretaceous 
strata,  associated  x.ith  such  unmistakably  marine  Ibi  ins  as  the  Aviculi- 
du',  Arcida",  Turritellidie,  &c. 

The  earliest  species  referable  to  this  i'ainily  which  is  at  present  known, 
and  which  comes  within  the  scoi)e  of  this  artii  le.  is  XeiiliiKi  iidirdscciiKis, 
Meek  &  IIayden,f  which  was  found  in  the  vicinity  of  the  IJlack  Hills, 
in  strata  believed  by  those  authors  to  be  of  Jurassic  age.  It  is  ]»lainly 
a  true  XvritiiHi,  but  those  authors  found  it  associated  with  sijccies  that 
are  regarded  as  indicating  a  purely  fresh  water  habitat,  namely,  i  nio, 
Viriimniit,  ]/io placodes,  &c.    It  is  rei)resentcd  on  Plate  .'». 


•All.  Rt'p.  U.  S.  Gi'ol.  Snr.  Ti'ir.,  for  W!^,  Purt  I,  p.  4.''>,  pi.  11),  li;?.  4. 

tTIui  Laiiiniii!  Kpciics,  X.  rolriliiiniln,  shows  u  Cniiit  I'loiniliUioii  oftlic  IxiiiliT  of  tlio 
inner  lip:  nnil  N(niii'sn.iill  (>xnin))li's.  iipparcnlly  the  .voiiiiii  of  lliis  spiciis.lnli'ly  dis- 
covered, mIiow  11  (listinet  (len.tic-.ilation  of  iluit  bolder.  IViliiips  this  siiecies  onght  to 
be  lelerieil  to  Xnilii.  liiit  Cor  the  present  I  Kiive  it  with  JVc»i7i/m. 

{ I'liUioiitolofiy  ol'  the  Upiier  Miesomi,  p.  109. 


52  N'ON-MARINK    FOSSIL    MOI.l.rSCA. 

The  next  species  lliat  iirc  to  be  iiKMitioiicd  in  the  onh'v  of  ytM)it)^;iciil 
tiini'  iiiv  two  tliiit  wt'ii'  (ILscovcred  hv  Mr.  Mt'di  in  tlie  t'sHiiiry  (l(>|iosit 
:it  ('oiilvilic,  I'tiili,  wliieli  lias  nli-cadv  Ikh'Ii  several  liiiies  iiieiitioiieil. 
One  of  tiiese  sjieeies  was  deseriUed  liy  liiui  nnder  the  inline  ol'  Niiitina 
hainnslrri,*  and  is  represented  on  Plate  ."».  It  is  closely  allied  with  tlie 
tbre^oiiu;'  -linassie  si)ecies,  and  specimens  of  Itotli  lia\e  i)een  loniid 
\v!!ie!i  slill  sliow  tlie  ori;iinal  color  iiiarkin;fs  ol'  tlie  .siulace.  Wriliiiit 
/)(/H«/.s7<;/lias  alsoa  nearall.v  in  .V.  iiti'omj)t<t  White,  tVoiii  the  marine  Ci'c 
taceoiis  strata  of  the  same  epoch,  and  which  is  found  i^s  the  same  rei^ion. 
Indeed,  it  is  nol  improlialdc  tint  these  two  forms  are  only  varieties 
of  one  and  *he  same  species.  Il'  so,  the  fact  implies  that  the  species 
raiiji'ed  from  marine  into  hracUish  wateis,  with  no  more  than  a  varietal 
chanjje  as  a  conseiinenee. 

.Vssociated  with  this  typical  Xfrit  tin  in  the  <'retaeeons  estuary  de- 
posit at  Coahille  is  a  species  wliicii  !Mr.  MeeU  descriheil  under  the 
name  of  .V.  IwUntiiUi ;  and  with  il,  als(*,  ■HMtlier  form,  which  he  named 
X.  ciirdiloidcsA  The  type  specimen  of  the  latter  is  very  inipeifect:  but. 
Jndjiinji'  from  the  characters  which  it  sli(»ws,  it  is  thoir'^hl  to  be  identical 
with  iV.  hrlldtiihi.     IJolh  the  Ibrms  are  represented  on  Plate  ">. 

These  two  last-named  forms  ol'  Xvritinti  belong'  to  a  snbordinate  type 
to  which  .Mr.  IMeck  ,!;ave  the  snbu'cneric  name  of  VcloMlo.  The  type  is 
an  extinct  one,  as  has  already  been  intimated,  and  is  at  present  known 
only  in  ("reta  •<-ons  and  Ijaramie  strata. :j: 

In  the  IJear  lliver  Laramie  beds  a  very  small  species  occurs,  whi(-li  1 
liave  described  ■•mhr  the  name  of  XcriliiKi  nntififoniiis.^  It  ai)i)areiitly 
beloiifis  tj>  the  ;yi)ieal  sectitni  of  the  jjcnns.     It  is  represented  on  Plat'- 7. 

The  Laiamie  spec'-'s  belonging  to  the.  subgenus  VvUitclhi,  \\\iw.\\  has 
been  referred  t<>,  vv.i.-  ivst  discovered  at  Pdack  Ibittes  Station,  in  South 
erii  Wyoming,  and  ('.c.-.cribed  by  ine  under  the  name  of  X.  (  V.)h»i)tiiilo.\\ 
Numerous  specinu'iis  of  it  have  since  heen  discovered  in  the  Ijai'ainie 
strata  east  of  th<'  Kocky  .Mounlains  in  Coloraih),  all  of  which,  including 
the  type  s|iecimens,  have  |»reserved  ii|t(»n  their  surface  the  original  color 
markings  wilh  which  they  were  ornamented  while  living,  and  which  aru 
reincsented  i)y  I'igs.  KI-LMI  on  Plate  t.'.'!. 

.Vssociated  with  .V.  (  \'.)  I><(j>li.slt(,;\t  the  Wyoming  lo('ality,  is  the  lorm 
which  I  have  described-  uinler  the  name  of  Xciitiiia  n)lriliiicnt(i,^\  and 
which  is  illiistiated  on  Plate  2.">.  'I'he  type  specimens  were  Ibiiiid  in 
Sonihiin  Wyoming  and  Northwestern  CVihuado,  none  of  which  showed 


"All.  IJrp.  I'.  IS.  (iii)l.  Siir.  Ten-,  lor  Id'ii^,  I'lirl  1,  |i.  -,'.'1,  |il.  l,',  lij..  10. 

I  I'or  ilcM-iiiPlidii-i  ;inil  lijiiui'sot  tlicso  t»(i  I'dniis,  mt  Am.  lii\i.  I'.  .S.  (icol.  ,Sur.  Teir. 
)(ii-  HT",  I'iiil  I,  i>,  .  •JT.'.^s,  j)l.  1-,',  lifTH.  7  and  f'. 

I  t'ui  II  cliiigiiiPsiN  111'  iIiIh  sul)y;taiiis,M't!  An.  Kip.  I',  is.  (ictil.  Siw.  Terr,  for  ItJTe,  Pint 
I.  p.  CT. 

V\ii.  H<|).  r.  S.  Ccol.  Hiir.  Trrr  I'ov  li-7s,  I'ml  1.  j).  si»,  pi.  lid,  (iy.  3. 

;.Vii.  I(c|i.  '.'.  S.  (Mill.  .Sui.  Terr,  for  lrt',S,  I'lni  1,  p.  Ml,  pi.  29,  lii;.  (i. 

•  All.  Ki-p.  U.  S.  Ui'dl.  Sur.  icrr.  lor  1678,  Pint  I,  p.  H8,  pi.  i!l,  lig.  U. 


ANNOTATED    CATALOOUK. 


53 


tlie  color  markings  such   as  are  bccii  to  cliaiactcrizc  tiovcral  sjx'cics 
already  notici'd,  and  iilso  the  form  rci'cncd  to  in  the  followinf;-  i)ani;inii»h. 

Associated  with  xV.  (V.)  liaptlsfa  in  Northern  Colorado,  cast  of  the 
Hocky  Jlountains.  is  a  form  of  Xeritiiia  which  is  closely  related  lo  .V. 
roleilhiciitd,  wliicli  beinj;-  nndescriUed  1  propose  for  it  the  niiiiie  A'. 
bniiirri  in  honor  of  Mr.  LawnMice  ISrnner,  who  lirst  discovered  the 
.s[)ecies.  It  dilfcrs  Irom  .V.  volrilineafa  in  being  somewhat  more  globose, 
having  a  less  elevated  spire,  and  the  inner  lii)s  broader  and  less  re 
treating.  It  is  marked  by  r«'Volving  lines,  somewhat  like  that  species, 
but  they  arc  .sometimes  obsolete.  It  is  also  orinuiiented  by  zigzag  color- 
markings.  The  type  specimen,  is  represented  by  Kigs.  14  and  15  ou 
Plate  L>3. 

Associated  with  the  foregoing  is  still  anothei  form,  much  smaller, 
which  seems  to  be  the  yonng  of  .V.  colriliiictifti.  It  is  without  color 
markings,  and  the  inner  border  of  the  inner  lip  is  dentate. 

Although  belonging  to  so  early  an  epoch,  these  Laramie  species  of 
Neritiitd  lire  the  latest  members  of  that  family  of  non-marine  origin  that 
arc  now  known  to  occni'  in  North  American  strata.  Consccpu'iitly,  no 
olln'rs  besides  those  mentioned  come  within  the  scoi)e  of  this  article. 

TIk!  ty])ical  formof  Neritina  has  doul»tIess  come  down  to  the  present 
day  by  securing  a  congenial  habitat  along  thecluingingcoiistsof  the  grow- 
ing <'ontinent ;  but  idthongh  the  siibgencric  type  Vcliitrlhi  existed  before 
(he  inclosure  of  llic  Laramie  sea,  that  sea  seems  to  have  embraced  all 
the  f(M'ms  of  thiit  type  whiidi  survived  during  the  Laramie  i)eriod.  When, 
therefore,  the  waters  of  that  sea  became  wholly  fresh,  that  type,  together 
with  i)thcrs,  seems  to  havt!  been  e.vtinguished  as  a  consequence. 

CKI.4TniU>.E. 

Only  a  single  species,  referable  to  this  family,  which  may  be  regarded 
as  a  non  niariiie  form,  has  been  found  in  any  North  American  strata. 
It  was  obtained  from  Ihe  .Inditli  Kiver  Liiramie  beds,  in  the  Upjier  Mi.s- 
.souri  liiver  region  by  Meek  and  Ilayden,  and  by  them  described  nndei' 
the  name  of  Ccrithidm  ncbrascviisis.*  Those  authors  referred  it  to  the 
subgciuis  PircncUn  (rr:iy,  but  they  expressed  s(une  doubt  as  to  the 
true  generic  character  possessed  by  the  shell.  Although  IJvrlthldea  is  a 
well  known  living  genus  of  the  Old  World,  this  si)ecies  at  present 
stands  alone,  or  without  near  known  iillies,  either  living  or  fossil,  among 
North  American  mollusca,  if  its  generic  relations  are  correctly  under- 
stood, as  stated  above.     It  is  represented  on  Plate  20. 


JiKi,AMn>/i;. 


]\Iost  uiituralists  agree  in  the  opinion  that  no  living  North  American 
si)ecii's  of  mollusca  are  iirojtorly  referable  to  the  genus  MtlanUt ; 
although  fornu'rly  nmny  si)ccies  wore  referred  to  that  genus  which 
are  now  placed  in  the  family  (Jerii)hasii<he,  and  mostly  referred  to  the 

•lI.S.Gi'ol.  Sur.Tprr.,  vol.  ix,  p.  551),  pi.  iA,  lig.  9. 


ill; 


iVIi 


54 


NO\->IAl{INK    FOSSIL   MOLLUSCA 


j;('mis  (idiiiohd.sis.  It  liiis  iilso  been  (HJiisidcrcd  doubtful  by  niaiiv  iiatti- 
liilists  whcMicr  iiii.v  oiu'ortlii'  fossil  speck's  lliat  luivo  bcvii  found  in  the 
i(;(l;s  of  Xorlli  Ai::i'ric;i,  nu.nbl  to  be  icfoncd  to  tin-  fiiinily  Mi-lauiida'. 
Tic  fiv;'  or  six  lollowiiii;  siu'cics,  howovor,  aiv  in  tliis  article  provsionally 
nliiv,(l  til  liuit  family;  two  because  they  are  at  jiresent  believed  to 
.vtiiclly  licliJiiji  there;  and  the  others  i>aitly  because  of  their  ni)i)arent 
afiinities  in  that  direction,  and  partly  because  they  seem  to  be  not 
l)!()p;  ily  reli  rai)!;'  to  the  ("eiipliasiid;;-.  They  are  all  interestinj;  shells, 
eiabiiicinj;'  iliri'e  distinct  types,  two  of  which,  at  least,  are  not  known 
to  lia\-e  li\  iiiji'icpiesentatives;  but  two  of  the  species,  while  they  ajipear 
10  iiave  no  p'ueiie  reprt'sentati\e  liviuf"'  in  North  America,  seem  to  be 
leler.ible  to  true  Melanin  of  Obi  tVorld  type. 

One  v['  the  spi'cies  last  referred  to  is  Mihmki  tri/nmhiffoisis  Jleek, 
(---  .1/.  !<tri(ii(l((  White,")  which  has  lieen  found  on  both  .sides  of  the  I'ocky 
.Mountains  in  8oiitliern  Wyominjj;'  and  Xoitlu'rn  Colorado.  Fiyures  of 
tliis  line  species  are  ^;iven  on  Phite  2(5. 

The  oilier  species,  which  api)ears  to  be  a  true  Mclani<i,\Hj}f.  claihoni- 
ciiiiiit  lliilprin,  from  the  marine  Kocene  deposits  of  Alabama. t  It  is 
lepresented  on  i*Ia;e  L'S. 

In  Souihein  AVyoiiiin^'  Jlr.  3Ieek  also  obtained  from  Iht^  Larainio 
strata  a  fona  which  he  described  under  the  name  oi'  Mrliiiii((  imtciilpUt.X 
It  .seems  to  be  nearly  related  to  .1/.  injomhujeHiiix,  but  tlitl'ers  from  it  in 
wanting  its  prominent  subspinous  ornamentation.  This  s|»ecies  has 
also  been  ioand  in  the  Laramie  strata  east  of  the  liotrky  .Mountains  in 
Colorado,  the  s()('cimens  li^iured  on  Plate  li(»  having  been  collected  in 
the  valley  of  South  I'laite  liMver. 

TIk  re  oi  (  nrs  .soaiewhat  abundantly  in  the  IJear  River  Laramie  be'.'.-s 
of  .Sonihwc'stern  \\'yoMiinj;-  and  the  adjacent  i>arts  of  Utah  a  shell 
which  Mr.  Meek  (irst  referred  to  Meldiiia,  but  to  which  he  afterwanl 
}>ave  the  new  generic  name  of  I'ynjuVif' •«.,  dcscribiufj  it  under  the 
nanu' of  I'ljruiilijcni  htimrosiu^  It  is  illnsuated  on  Plate  (>.  Mr.  Meek 
placed  this  shell  among  the  Ceri[)hasiida'  or  American  ilelanians,  but 
as  it  seems  to  dilVer  (iuit<'  as  widely  from  the  typical  forms  of  that 
family  as  it  does  from  the  true  .^lelaidans,  I  here  ]>lace  it  provisioinilly 

•Am.  1;<]i.  f.  S.  (Jiol.  Siir.  Ti'ir.  lor  |f<7S,  l>iiit  I.  p.  !).-),  j.!.  ys,  lifj.  (i. 

t  .Mi  liii:iL''.  llic  .'issociiitrs  <il'  ilil.s  hlicll  arc  all  iiiariiu',  it  in  <;ivi'ii  n  iilai'c  in  this 
arliili-  1m  .aiisc  Mdiuihi  is  j^ciicrally  rcpirdcU  as  a  IVcshwalcr  fjciiiis.  In  tlii.s  coiincc- 
tioii,  liiiwi'Vi'r,  it  is  |iri>|i('r  lo  rciiiark  that  aiiiiiii;;  ct'rtaiii  Inssil  I'ainia'  nIii'Hs  iiiiiliH- 
iin;;iiislialilc  IVd'.ii  Mdiiiiiii  an-  loiinil  as.'^iuialcd  with  niariiii'  I'oriiis.  (Sec  I'-riiCcssor 
Ilriliaiii's  iliscriplioii  aii<l  ii'iiiark.s,  I'loc  Acail.  Xat.  .Sci.,  Pliila.,  1S7!),  ]>.  MW.)  M. 
u-ipminiiniiiin  MnX  M.  iiinniljild  have  alsii  lici'ii  Coiiml  in  hiicIi  associalioii  with  ihlira 
anil  .liitiiiiid,  as  to  iiiilliali'  that  tlirv  all  lived  and  lloiiri.shi'd  io^i'thcr  in  the  wiinc 
walcis,  wliiih  \v<i'r  icrtainly  In  sonu'  decree  Balini'.  or  the  0«li<(i  and  Aiiomia  cinild 
not  have  existed  there. 

;  .See  All.  l!.p.  I'.  S.  fieol.  Sur.  Terr,  for  1S7H,  Part  I,  p.  94,  pi.  20,  lig.  4. 

^  Tor  diagnosis  of  this  f;eniis,  and  description  and  liguros  of  tlio  species,  see  U.  8 
Gcol.  Ciliir.  4(ltli  Parallel,  vol.  iv,  p.  14(j,  pi.  17,  tig.  19. 


WIIITR.) 


ANNOTAI'KI)    CATAI.Or.UK. 


Willi   the  latter  family.     It   is  tiic  only  known  siiccics  of  the  ycnns 
wliicli  liiis  been  jjioposcd  to  ii'ci'ivc  it,  oillicr  fossil  or  livin.iiv* 

Fi-oni  tlii'livsli-wiiter  Mioia-nc  deposits,  which  have  alivady  been  men- 
tioned as  occurring  inS.nitheiii  Idahoand  in  the  vieinity  of  the  Kawsoh 
Mountains,  Mr.  Meek  desc^ri bed  two  formsand  .Air.  tlabbanolhei,  which 
they  referreil  to  Mclaiiid,  Mr.  INIeekdoiny;  so  with  an  expression  of  doubt 
but  Air.  Claltb  with  none.  Copies  of  their oriH;in  al  li^ures  of  these  forms 
are  -^iven  on  Plate  .'Jli. 

Mr.  M<rk  };;»ve  the  names  M.^  sviilptilis  and  M.f  mih.s<iili)tilin^  to  his 
two  six'cies,  iiiid  Mr.  (iabb,  that  of  M.  tai/lont  to  the  one  he  descrilied. 
Conrad's  .1/.  (kcurno  is  probably  a  synonym  of  the  latter. 

All  three  of  the.se  forms  beh)n<,'  to  one  and  the  same  type,  and  per- 
hai)s  icpresent  only  one  species.  This  type  diifers  considerably  from 
the  other  typi's  that  have  herein  been  referred  to  the  Melaniada'.  The 
species  belong-  to  a  fauna  from  which,  as  before  stated,  no  j-enetic  lines 
.seem  to  have  reached  the  i)re.sent  .Mi.ssissiiti)i  drainat;e  .system,  and,  like 
a  jiortion  of  tlieir  a.ssoeiates,  are  (piite  nidike  any  other  North  American 
species,  either  livinj;  or  fossil.  All  the  known  speeie.s  of  that  fanna  are 
herein  referred  to  and  lif-ured,  but,  for  the  |)urpose  of  separate  view, 
their  names  are  f>iveu,  as  follows:  Mvhnihi .'  .scnliililin,  M.  /  siib.sciili>- 
HHn,  .1/..  Uiiilori,  Lithdnia  (iiiti<iii(t,  ('<irini/c.v,{  Vortiriff.i)  tn/oiii,  ('.  (  T.) 
hiiiiic!)i,  Aiiriiliin  II  ikI  II  Id  I  lis,  Sjiliariiini  rinj(.'Siiiii,  and  S.  .^  i<ldli<inis<: 

The  ficnus  Mcldiiopsis  J.amarek  is  not  known  anion;;'  the  livinn  niol- 
iusca  of  North  America,  and  until  very  lately  it  was  believed  to  be  also 
absent  from  all  North  American  .strata.  A  small  .shell  from  the  Lara- 
mie .strata  east  of  the  Itocky  Alonntains  in  Colorado,  associated  with 
Corhiciihi,  Corbiild,  .]feliiiiid,  Ncrifiiid,  Auomid  and  Ostri'ii,  is  here  de 
.scribed  for  the  first  time,  and  referred  provisionally  to  MelmiDiisis.  It  is 
cviden'lv  eonjieiierie  with  the  livMi^'  Mvldnoiisis  voxtclhitn  Ferussac,  and 
also  wii..  the  Eocene .l/./>«m««((/m  Keru.s.sac;  both  from  Western  Kiirojic. 

Mvlanoihsis  f  anicricdna  (sj).  iiov.),  Plate  23,  FiKs.  lil,  L'L'.  and  _;>. 

Shell  very  small,  sides  ftraiglit,  and  meetinj;-  at  tlie  apex  at  an  .iciite 
aiiyle;  volutions  six  or  .seven,  those  of  the  spire  not  convex,  but  so  Hat- 
tened  as  to  show  only  a  linear  .suture  between  them,  which  is  .somewhat 
irre};ular;  i>idximal  jiortioii  of  the  last  volution  ;;eiitly  convex,  its  leiif^th 
beiii};  more  than  half  the  entire  length  of  the  shell;  outer  liji  thin,  not 
exjianded,  its  maif'in  not  distinctly  sinuous;  inner  lii>  liaviii;;-  a  very 
str(in,u'  callous  nearly  lillin;;'  theilistal  end  of  the  aiierture,  leaviiifia  nar- 
row groove  between  it  and  the  iiiar};iii  of  the  outer  liji,  and  ;;iadrially 
diminishin;;'  in  thickness  towards  the  proximal  end  of  the  aperture; 
aperture,  as  bounded  by  the  outer  lip  and  callous  inner  lip,  rudely  suli- 


'  See  foot-note  on  l>;if!;e  .')8. 

t  U.  S.  Gool.  Siir.  lOtli  Piiiallel,  pp.  19,'),  11)6,  pi.  17,  li){H.  H  ami  'J. 

t  Puleonotology  of  Culifornia,  vol.  ii,  p.  13,  pi.  'i,  lig.  21. 


fVr 


1^^ , 

ii':"! 


I, !'  Ii- 


§4  ' 


-■.(\ 


NOX-MARINK    I'OSSII,    M.  »l,l.rsCA. 


cllipliciil,  iiii;;uliir  lit  iN  distill  ciul,  nmiKlcMl  ist  its  proximal  oiid,  iiiul 
It  rKiiniiliii;;  itl  llic  «'ii(l  of  tlu'  coimiiellii  in  a  (listiiict,  iiinrow  <'aiial, 
\vlii;li  is  sliylilly  Ufiit  to  tin-  loi't.  SiU'ta«;c  luarketl  only  l»y  I'liiiit  linos 
«)!'  !;i'<)\vlli. 

Lt  ii{;tli,  7  uiiilinietc'is;  diiinieti^r  of  last  volution,  HA  millimeters. 

CKnnMIASUD.K. 

Tilt'  Cfiipliasiidii',  or  Amciiean  Mclanians,  constitute  an  important 
Ifiinirt'  t)i'  (lie  non-niarine  fossil  molluseau  fauna*  of  Ntntli  America, 
f.spitiiiliy  ill  lilt'  Laramie  antl  Koe.ene  fresli-water  strata  t)f  tlu'.  west. 
We  liiive  yet  no  evitlcnee  of  the  existence  of  this  family  l»eft»re  the  Lar- 
luiiie  ptritui;  hut  in  view  of  its  |{nt)WU  abuntlanee  tlnrin^  that  perititl, 
a  lit!  alst)  tliirin-;-  that  of  the  Eocene,  it  may  be  safely  assumed  that  the 
oii.uiii  t)f  tlie  family  was  at  an  earlier  i»erit»d.  It  is  nevertheless  IriU' 
that  the  forms  of  Ooniohaiils,  which  occur  in  tlu;  purely  fresh  water 
ICticene strata, st)me\vhat  nu)re  nearly  resemble  those  which  ai'c  rcfiiirdetl 
as  typical  forms  amoiif;'  livin;;'  species  than  most  t>f  liit)se  of  the  Lar- 
amie [)eiit>il  tlo.  Tills,  however,  may  have  little  sif^inifieance  as  re;;artls 
]ili\sit'al  chani^cs  since  the  Laramie,  because  tiie  ('iiitMies  of  tiiat  periotl 
are  more  characteristically  like  livinjj;  ITniones  than  those  t»l'  the  iCtux'ne 
strata  arc. 

All  except  two  or  three  tif  the  fossil  species  that  have  been  described 
as  bcjoiii^iii;;  tt)  the  Ceripluisiitlie  have  been  referred  to  the  ncmis  (liniio 
Ixixi.s  Lea;  but  a  jiart  of  them  iiave  been  st>  referretl  with  stime  doubt. 
Aaitaij;-  tiiose  concerninji  which  nt)  doubt  of  this  kintl  has  been  cxpressetl 
b_\  the  lespcctive  autht)rs  who  have  tlescribttl  them,  there  may  be  rcc 
ti^nizetl  at  least  three  somewhat  distin<-t  subordinate  types  perhaps 
Mtirthy  to  be  (!alletl  sultficnera. 

Of  tliese  three  types,  (ioniohanis  vltbiinii  While.  <i.  Itiirra  Hall,  antl 
(/'.  nrhriiKveiifiix  Meek  &  llaytlen,  may  be  re^iiirdetl  as  reprcscntatixt's 
respcctixt'ly ;  but  1  rejuartl  it  as  probablt^  that  the  latter  type  is  more 
neiiily  relatcti  to  Lbiplax  than  to  Goiiiohtisis. 

Tlie  lU'ar  Kiver  liiiramie  strata  not  only  Inrnisii  what  are  probably 
llie  earliest  known  siiccies  t»f  the  t'eiipliasiidic,  but  they  furnish  mtist  of 
the  kiitiwn  species,  Ibiir  in  number,  which  may  be  relcrrctl  to  that  prti 
liDscil  section  t)l'  GoiiiohdKixol'  which  (i.  vlrburm  is  the  type.*  The  t)tlier 
llircc  species  are,  rcsi>ccti\  ely,  (1.  cliri/iiitllis  Meek,  (1.  chrjixnlUtiihii  White, 
and  II.  iiKicihiitd  Wiiite.t  All  four  t)f  them  are  lifiuretltui  Plate  (J.  'i'licy 
arc  louiitl  associatctl  to^-ether  in  the  Dear  liiver  Laramie  betls  t>f  Stinlh- 
western  Wytnuinf;'  antl  the  adjacent  parts  of  Utah,  antl  none  of  them 

"Till'  spctics  (if  this  t.v|ii'  lic'iirs  Mime  ri'.sciiililiiiu't'  tit  Mi  Iniiiiiinin,  liiil  nniir  of  lliriii  iiri- 
CiiliiiliculalH  lit  liiisc  ill  iiiiv  di'Hiri'.  Xo  i'.\iiiii|ilis  iil'  MiliiiiDiiHin,  cxci'iil  the  otii'  (It?- 
i.c'vil»'(l  nil  li:ii;i'  .'>.'>  <)l'  tliis  iirlidi',  iiri'  liiinwii  in  Xoitli  AiiU'ric'i.  cillicr  t'ossil  or  rcci'iii  ; 
it'  we  cxci'pl  till'  siiccics  ('(iiiiail  ilcscrilii'd  as  lliillioiiKiH. 

tSii'  ili'sciiiilidii  and  (innirs  ot"  tln'sc  Hiiir  NiicciiM,  t<i;;clli('r  willi  oiIut  ri't'cruiict'H, 
All.  Hill.  f.  i^.  li'til.  Sill.  'IViT.  Iiir  1-TH,  Pail  I,  pp.  I'l-'.t:!,  jil.  ;!tl,  li){s.  I, .'"',  <i,  7,  mid  10. 


^1 


wniTB.) 


ANNOTATED    CATALOGUK. 


57 


have  been  foiuid  in  any  otlier  strata  (tf  tlie  Laramie  Group  excei)t  those 
which  are  strictly  equivalent  with  those  beds. 

One  other  species,  wliich  I  liave  described  under  tlie  name  of  Qonio- 
hamn  ciuiliclii,*  is  found  asuociated  with  the  lour  species  that  have  just 
been  mentioned.  It  is  represented  on  Plate  ^.  This  torm  belongs  to 
another  type,  which  includes  0.  nebrasvciisis,  presently  to  be  men- 
tioned, and  which,  as  before  suj^gested,  probably  belongs  near  Lioplax 
Troschel. 

Five  species  were  described  by  Meek  «&  Uayden  from  the  Judith  Hiver 
Laramie  beds  of  the  Upper  Missouii  Kiver  region,  under  the  generi*; 
name  of  GoiiiobasiH,  namely,  0.  vonvcjia,  G.  incenuHta,  G.  mtbUvrls,  G, 
omitlu,  and  0.  f  mbtortuom,^  all  of  which  are  represented  on  I'lates, 
-'(>  and  liT.  It  seems  jwobable  that  G.  sublarin  and  G.  invemtsta  are 
ordy  varieties  of  G.  convejca.  G.  omitta  is  much  like  G.  graeilenta  from 
the  Fort  Union  beds,  presently  to  be  mentioned ;  but  G,:'  mibtortiioiia 
is  quite  different  irom  any  other  form  that  has  been  referred  to  Gonio- 
banis.  It  probably  belongs  to  some  other  genus,  perhaps  to  Cti.s.sioprUa 
White,  which  will  be  further  mentioned  on  a  following  page,  but  that 
question  cannot  yet  be  «letermined  because  the  characters  of  the  base 
and  aperture  of  the  fe  jiier  are  not  yet  known. 

From  the  Fort  U;  n  Laramie  beds  of  the  Ui)per  Missouri  River  re- 
gion three  spe(!'  .>  have  been  described  by  Meek  &  ILiyden,  namely, 
Goiiiobusis  (jrufUenttt,  G.  iicbraxcfushs,  and  G.  hnulmritmta.X  The  two 
latter  species  have  already  been  referred  to  as  rei«"esenting  a  separate 
section  of  the  genus  Goniobasis,  if,  indeed,  thoy  Vielong  to  that  genus. 
They  are  represented  on  Plate  20.  Both  species  have  also  been  recog 
nized  in  the  coal-beariug  strata  at  the  town  of  Wales,  Utah,  ami  G. 
kiiHivariiuita  has  been  found  in  the  Latamie  strata  of  Crow  Creek 
Valley  in  Northern  Colorado,  east  of  the  L'ocky  Mountains.  At  the  last 
mentioned  locality,  as  well  as  at  Black  Buttes  Station  in  Southern  Wyo- 
ming, Goiiiobanifi  giaeikntd  has  been  recognized.  The  species  is  repre- 
sented on  Plate  2(!. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  thirteen  species  in  all  have  been  descnibed 
and  referred  to  Goniobask  from  the  Laramie  (iroup  alone.  Even  in 
case  several  of  the  specific  nauies  that  have  been  applied  to  these  forms 
should,  as  already  suggested,  prove  to  be  merely  syn(»nyms,  still  it  is 
clear  that  in  the  great  Laramie  (Iroup  there  is  a  goodly  number  of  well 
<leliiied  species  of  Goniobasiti,  as  that  genus  is  now  understood. 

From  the  Laramie  strata  at  Black  Buttes  Station,  which  hav(i  been 
so  olten  uientioned,  several  specimens  of  a  shell  have  been  obtained,  to 

"  All.  Ucii.  II.  S.  Grol.  Siir.  Ti-rr.  I'or  1878,  Part  I,  p.  !)-i,  pi.  ;iO,  (ig.  7. 

t  Kiir  tlc8i'ii|iti(ms  ainl  liKures  of  tlicsi)  live  Hpot'i<!»,  mi'P  II.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  Terr.,  vol.  ix, 
pp.  .")(W-570,  1.1.  i-i. 

i  Tor  (It'scriptiouH  ami  figures  of  these  thruo  species,  see  U.  8.  Geol.  Sur.  Terr.,  vol.  ix, 
pp.  .'iO.'i-WW,  plates  42  and  43. 


/^ 


tA^' 


tt^-tjC   CArmv-e^'^f 


m^.  ¥-//.     ^lu^i^'f'/^^M(^.,  ^^  ^  ^  •  '^^:^. 


/U-^t/l. 


Vift*., 


(79^  rft^y  ^^^M-i.^S^/2*. 


A^ 


,0^l-i:?^AiM»t^//H^b^j^.  {/Pt^^^  *^/^^<^^ 


m 


58 


NON-MAlllNK    FOSSIL    MOLLU8CA. 


wliicli  I  liavo  {jiveii  the  generic  name  of  Casaiopclla,*  describing  tho 
species  under  the  name  of  ('.  turrifiiln.  It  i»  tignied  on  Plate  I'.'i.  Like 
ri/r(/iili/crti,  it  is  tlie  sole  rei»resentative  of  an  extinct  geneiie  type.t  It 
is  ninl)ilic.ite,  and  in  this  lespeet  dill'ers  from  any  other  shell  that 
has  been  referred  to  the  Ceriphasiidie.  It  is  referred  to  that  family 
only  provisionally,  and  because  there  ajtpears  to  be  equal  oi'  greater 
objections  to  referring  it  to  any  other  established  family.  It  is  so 
reierred  mainly  because  of  its  agreement  in  form,  and  the  character  of 
its  outer  and  inner  lips. 

Passing  now  to  the  three  groui)s  of  freshwater  Kocene  strata,  the 
Wahsatdi,  (Sreen  Jiiver,  and  Jbidger  groups,  as  they  are  developed  in 
Wyoming,  Colorado,  and  Utah,  we  iind  that  the  genus  (loiiiolKtsis  con- 
stitutes even  a  nu)re  conspictuous  feature  of  the  fauna-  of  those  groups, 
as  regards  proportionate  numbers  of  individuals,  than  it  did  in  the 
Laramie  period,  although  the  nundu'r  of  species  was  so  mm-h  greater 
then.  Not'.vithstanding  this  great  generic  prominencH',  antl  also  the  fact 
that  four  species  have  been  described  by  dilferent  authors  from  those 
freshwater  lM)cene  groups  under  the  mune  of  GonH)h(m:<,\  1  am  not 
at  ]>resent  |)rei)ared  to  admit  that  nuu'e  than  out-  well  delined  s|)ecies  has 
yet  been  found  in  any  of  the  strata  of  those  three  groups.  Taking  this 
view,  we  must  of  course  regard  those  forms  which  have  been  described 
as  separate  species,  as  oidy  varieti«'s  of  the  lirst  one  described  ;  alt  hough 
it  cannot  be  denied  that  the  variation  is,  in  some  cases,  very  consider- 
able; and  if  intermediate  forms  had  not  been  discovered,  their  specilie 
separation  would  never  have  been  called  in  (juestion.  In  this  view  of  th(^ 
case  I  have  selected  tciivni  ILdl  as  the  specilie  mime  by  which  to  desig- 
nate this  variable  and  abundant  Kocene  species  of  Goniobnsis,  because 
it  was  the  lirst  specilie  name  that  was  iipi»lied  to  it  by  any  author.  It 
will  be  convenient  and  proper,  liowi'ver,  to  retain  the  other  names  as 
those  of  varieties,  or  even  in  .some  sense  assj)ecies.  For  the  same  pur 
lK)se  I  i)ropose  the  name  Cloitioba.sis  ailKiiiinis  for  the  extravagantly  orna- 
mented forms  represented  by  Figs.  2!t  and  .".0  on  Plate  .il.  A  consider 
able  .series  of  these  forms  from  difl'erent  localities  in  those  fresh-water 
Tertiary  groups  is  given  on  Flate  JJl,  which  shows  the  wide  range  of 
variation  and  the  transition  of  the  forms  and  the  character  of  their 
ornamentation. 


*  For  (liiiKiiosis  of  this  ^I'lius  and  descripf  ion  and  li^nri'M  of  llic  spi'cics,  scr  An.  l{oi>. 
U.  .S.  (li'ol.  Snr. 'I'cir.  (or  IHTH,  jiiirt  I,  i>i>. titi, (17,  ])1."J7,  li}{.  li. 

t.Sinc'K  thcsf  iiara};ra|di.s  wwa  written,  Mr.  t;<lij!ar  A.  Smith  liaH  pnblislied,  in  tlio 
I'rocri'diii^s  <i|'  the  Zoolo}>ical  .Society  of  I^ondoii,  two  Njieeies  nnder  the  new  ;^eiieric 
name  of  I'tinniicUiiiin,  fonnd  livin<{  in  I.aki' Tan^ianyilta,  in  Afriea,  whiih  iseeni  lobe 
eon;;enerie  witli  I'lirijniifvra. 

tThese  proposed  speeies  are  respectively  as  follows:  doiiiobusin  tenrra  (-^('vritliiiim 
li'iiiriim  Hall),  Frdnionl's  Kep.  Ore^jon  &  N.  California,  p.  'Mf*,  pi.  Ill,  tig.  (>;  (1.  Htiiipsoiii 
ileek,  Siniiison's  lie]).  Great  Uasin  I'tah,  p.  HO."),  \>\.  v,  tij{.  1  ;  (I.  uodiilij'cra  Meek  (  —  Ciri- 
Ihiiiin  iio<liilosiim  Hall,  Fremont,  op.  cit.),  and  (1.  catUri  Conrad,  Am.  Jonr.  Coneli.,  vol. 
iv,  p.  aao,  )il.  18,  ligs.  (>  and  7, 


WIIITK.I 


ANNOTATED  CATALOGUE. 


59 


Altli(»UKli  tlie  fivum  GoniobuHiH  \\m  iu»t  bt't'ii  ri'coKiiiztMl  in  any  «ltli« 
stnita  ol'  North  Aini-iieu  of  lator  atji'  than  the  KociMii',  it  (!ann(»t  ho 
donhtod  that  it  cxisU-d  soniewhi'n^  tluiin};  tiii"  hitcr  epochs;  prolialdy  in 
Nonic  of  the  «tminis  which  have  nincc  Iteconie  nppcr  bmnciica  of  the 
Mississippi  Ifivcr  system,  wliere  it  is  now  abnn«hint. 

In  llio  ."Miocene  freshwater  deposit,  wiiich  inis  b«'en  several  times  re- 
ferred to  as  occnrrinff  in  Soiitliern  Idaho  and  ^'ortilern  Nevada,  calhd 
tlie  Trnckeedrtiui*  by  Kint.',  no  species  of  tlie  K«'iins  auniobiislH  iiave 
been  rtcojin  zed  ;  l)Mt  Mv.  (iabb  olttaincd  a  shell  wiiich  he  referred  to 
IJllitt.siii  (11  jicniis  which  is  regarded  as  a  mendtcr  of  the  Ceripliasiithe), 
and  described  it  under  the  mum  of  L.  antiqua*  It  is  illustrated  ou 
Plate  M. 

KItsSOIU.G. 

The  Kissoida;,  in  consequence  of  their  small  size  and  comparative 
rarity,  Ibrm  an  inconspicuous  feature  of  tin'  non-nnirine  fossil  fainue  which 
are  discussed  iti  this  articie;  aiul  yet  tlu-y  are  iuterestint;  because  they 
show  that  as  early  at  least  as  the  «'lose  of  Mesozoic  linu'  several  ;;enera 
of  that  family  iidiabited  the  then  existing  fresh  and  brackish  waters ;  and 
that  tlui  nu)s't  of  those  which  have  been  discovered  are  either  conjieneiic 
with  existing-  forms,  or  so  closely  like  them,  that  wt*  cannot  proi»erly  d«) 
otherwise  than  refer  them  to  existiuf-'  p-nera,  althou},di  we  may  enter- 
tain some  doubt  as  to  their  real  attinities.  Up  to  the  present  time  ei},'ht 
Ibssil  species  have  been  published  and  referred  t<»  this  family,  most  of 
whi(!h  were  obtaine«l  from  the  Laramie  (iroup. 

Amon«'  these  the  two  living  jjenera  Hydrohia  and  Jiiflltiiiclta  are  re- 
cofiiiized,  and  also  one  new  lienus,  Mk'ropiirum,  which  was  proi»osed  by 

Mr.  :Meek.t 

Four  sjiecies,  Ifj/tlrohia  mihconicfi,  H.  anthonyi,  II.  culmoidcH,  and  //. 
wanrnaiHi,  were  described  from  the  Larande  strata  of  the  llpju'r  Mis- 
souri River  region  by  Meek  &  Ilaydt-n.}:  The  lirst  one  comes  from  the 
Judith  lUver  beds,  and  the  other  three  from  the  Kort  Union  beils.  They 
are  all  illustrated  ou  Plate  27.  Kxcept  in  the  case  of  H.  aiithonifi, 
those  authors  exprcvss  some  doubt  as  to  the  true  generic  relations 
of  these  shells  with  Hydrohia,  and  reason  for  similar  <h)ubt  seems  to 
exist  in  relaticni  to  that  species  also.  For  present  convenience,  how- 
ever, all  four  of  these  forms  are  left  under  llydr<d)ia,  where  those  authors 
]daced  them. 

The  Fort  Union  Laramie  beds  also  luruished  Meek  &  llaydeii  with 
the  types  of  their  Micropyu/m  miiiKtuhin,^  whi«!h  they  referred  to  the 
Rissoida'.     It  is  represented  by  copies  of  Mr.  Met'k's  ligures  on  Plate  l'(i. 

•  Palt'oiitolofjy  of  Ciilifoniiii,  vol.  ii,  p.  lU,  li^. '•i"-i. 
tU.  S.  Cifol.  Siir.  Terr,,  vol.  ix,  p.  574. 

U'ov  linnivs  iitnl  (IcscriptioiiN  if  these  four  species,  see  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  Terr.,  vol, 
ix,  p|i.  r)7i-r>7;<,  pi.  4H. 
i  V.  a.  Geol.  Siir.  Terr.,  vol.  U,  p.  575,  pi.  43,  tig.  18. 


% 


uo 


NON-MAlMNi;    FOSSIL    NKU.I.rsCA. 


Aiiioiif,'  tli(*  8|»L'«'ii'H  wliicli  (uriii'  in  llu'  coiil-bcariiiK  IkmIh  near  RviiiiH- 
ton,  NN'.vo..  scvcra!  iif  wliicli  spocit's  have  alrt-ady  brcn  lu'ifiii  noticcil, 
llit'if  ofciiis  a  slciidcr  Ibriii  wliioli  I  liave  d*'sciil»c(l  as  llydiobla  nrl((* 
It  is  it'|ii('scnt«'(l  (III  I'latc  27. 

AiioiIk  rsiM'cii's  was  (ibtaiiu-d  l»,v  IMtit'i'ssor  I'owt'll  IVoiii  (ritaiii  strata 
ill  I'tali,  wliiili  lie  liu'ii  rclrnvd  to  tliv  Ititffi' Cicci;  (iroiiii,  l>nt  wliiiili 
may  |>ri)ital>i,v  [novo  to  lu'  of  liaiiiiiiii'  uff*'.  Tliis  Ibriii  was  dt'scrilu'd 
1>,\  iiic  imdiT  tlic  iiaiiit'  of  lli/drohiti  iiltdunsiHA  It  is  represented  on 
I'late  liT. 

'I'lie  only  iciiiainiiifj:  speeies  ,  >  he  iioti(!e,l  under  the  K'issoida'  is  Itfitlii 
iirllii  iiiiii(tfiii\  .'\leel;;  wiiii'h  was  obtained  Ironi  the  IVesh-water  ICoceiic 
strata  at  I'aeilie  Spiin]i;s.  .Soiitheni  Wyoiniiiy,  by  Dr.  IJayden.  This 
speeies  is <»ln»i. represented  on  I'late  )if. 

\i\  le.MiiD.i;. 

Ainoiij''  the  iion-iiiarine  ;;asteropods  of  North  Anieriea,  no  family  is 
more  eoiispieiioiis  tiiaii  tli«>  \'is  ipaiida',  and,  although  this  family  ranks 
hitih  ill  its  class,  it  seems  to  lia\e  lieeii  fully  estaiilislied,  es>entiall,\  .is 
it  exists  to-day,  in  the  .Inrassic  period,  and  its  ori};iii  was  donblle.ss 
miieli  earlier.  It  seems  to  have  existed  in  greatest  abiindanee  in  the 
Laramie  and  iMieeiie  periods,  but  that  is  perhaps  lar^tdy  due  lo  the  faet 
that  the  ciinditions  of  their  existenee  and  jneservation  were  greater 
then.  Alter  tlie  Imkh'iu',  the  preservation  of  the  family  doiilttless  took 
plaei'  ill  rivers,  the  ;(ieat  lacustrine  waters  of  the  continent  liaviii;;  then 
passed  away,  or  what  liMiiained  .seemed  to  have  been  iincoii};eiiial  to 
\'iviparine  life. 

'J'lie  .small  colleetion  of  fresh  water  shells  which  was  obtaincfl  by 
.Meek  iS:  Ilayden  from  near  the  I'dack  Hills,  and  by  them  referred,  with 
some  doubt,  to  the  .Inrassic  period,  has  already  been  iiieiitioned  in  con 
nection  with  I'tiio  niivdlin  ami  I'Unnn-his  rctcriiiin.  Two  other  sjiecies 
were  included  in  that  collection,  namely,  \'irijitinis  i)illit(iiiis  and  Li<i 
phiiixhs  rctcniiis^  .Meek  ^:  Ilayden,  both  of  which  forms  arc  illustrated 
on  Plate.'!. 

Ilesides  the  original  specimens  of  IJoitlacodcsuit  t>\h\y  i  'preseiitativcs 
of  the  j-eiuis,  either  fossil  or  recent,  have  e\er  been  (lisc(»  ered,  and  it 
therefore  falls  into  the  category  of  extinct  types,  a  subject  which  will 
lie  brielly  disciis.sed  on  subse(|neiit  paj^cs.  These  two  species,  bein;;-  of 
.Inrassic  aj;e,  are  the  oldest  members  of  the  Nivijiaiida-  that  are  yet 
known  in  North  American  strata. 

No  member  of  this  family  of  rretaeeoiis  age  is  yet  known;  and  the 
next   to  be  mentioned   is  a  very  lar<ie  species  from   the  liear  lliver 

•I'dWill's  i;<'|i.  (;col(iy;y  (it'llic  t'iiiln  MiMintiiius,  )).  l:W. 
t  I'owcH'n  (ii'oliiyv  of  thf  I'i.rii  MdiiiitaiiiN,  p.  l;W. 
t.\ii.  U''\>.  I',  s.  (icol.  .Sur.  'IV.T.  lor  1S7^  I'nrt  I,  ]>.  Is,  pi.  I'.l.  lij;,  (1. 
S^  I'or  iliii^jiiosis  of  J.itijiliiviiiliH,  anil  dcHcriptioii  niiil  lijjiiii's  of  /,.  vilfniim  iiiid  l'ii;ij)a- 
run  ijUlianux,  st'i'  I'alcmitology  of  tlu'  UppiT  Missouri,  pp.  115,  IIG,  pi.  v. 


a4A, 


ANNOTATKI)    CATALoril'i; 


Gl 


Liiiiimii'  lM'd.s  (if  Soiilliwcstt'i'ii  W.viiiniii;^  tiiid  tlic  iuljiicnil  piirts  of 
I'liili.  wliirli  I  «h>Mfi'il)*><l  undci'  tin'  niiiiic  of  \'\f\\mvii>^  ciiiitsii."  It  is 
I't'lHTst'iitcil  on  Plate  <S, 

Tlif  onl.v  species  of  Viriimnix  Hiut  is  ,vel  known  to  oceiir  in  llie  •Intlitii 
li'ivi  r  lieds  of  the  rpitei'  iMissoiiii  Ifiver  refiioii  is  I',  niiinuli  AleeU  iV 
llsi.vden.f  whitli  is  illnstnited  on  Plate  lit;  liul  the  ;i('riiis  is  alum 
danlly  represented  in  the  Fort  I'niiin  beds.  Six  species  and  one  vaiict  y 
have  lieen  descrilied  by  IMeek  tS:  llayden  from  the  latter  lieds,  nialer 
the  lollowinfi  nann's  {ll^nres of  which  are  given  on  Plates  I'l,  'S>,  and  liT): 
I'/i   juinis   iiiTKliiiriK,    I',  frorlii/oniiis,    I'.   h'i»li)i,   1'.  Iriili/i  vai'.  /(iniianti, 


^^        (ff^^^llKAtr-/^  ■  i'<'!lii<>l'lni<iiiiin,   r.  If'tii  and  W  r(iuxiin.\     A   ;ilan(;e  at   these  illiislia- 
'*^''*']1  tionswill  show  that   the  sjieeies  thev  represent  are  evidenllv  allied  to 

Ih*"^^'^  '  cad,  other,  th. 


pecies  tliey  re| 
each  other,  the  relationshii»  lieinj^  so  (-lose  in  some  cases  as  to  sn,u';;'est 
"yjt  'J  •  ,^L/>^  "i"t  I'litnre  discoveries  of  specimens  will  pioliahly  revea!  iiiteraiediate 
.^ff^^^'      /Ja,.      ''"'I">*  *''id  must  reduce  the  nnndier  of  recognizable  species  by  one  half 

V*'*  *  J 


at  least. 

A  form  similar  lo  but  she'tei' aiul  nunc  conipat:t  than  Mripartis  htii 
has  been  tibtaincd  from  the  Luramit'  strata  of  Crow  Creek  ^'alley  east 
of  the  Itocky  >loii!Uains  in  Colorado,  which  is  tijj;ni('d  on  Plate  L'."),  and 
which  I  haxc  desciiiied  nnder  the  name  of   Viriimnix  i)iii(lfiiliiix.i 

Prom  certain  strata  in  Central  Utah,  jirobably  l)elon;iinfi  t>i  the 
Laramie  (Ironit,  Professor  Powell  obtained  some  foi'ms  of  \'iriiiiinix 
which  closely  resendde  P.  trovliifonnix  and  P.  Itidi/i,  respectively,  and 
with  which  they  are  pioltably  identical. 

\t  niack  Ibittes  Station,  in  Southern  Wyomiu;;,  \'iriininix  /ilica- 
]nrxxnx\\  White,  to;4ether  with  numerous  other  fresh  an<l  brackish  water 
forms,  have  Iteon  found  in  the  Laraniu'  strata  there,  nnist  of  which  have 
been  mentioned  on  ])revious  iiayt's.  This  species  is  i<'](resented  on 
Plate  L'l. 

Another  form,  somewhat  similar  to  P.  trurliiformis,  ti  which  1  {iave 
the  nana' of  \'.  i)<ni(iiiitcli()i.si.s;*\  was  ol>tained  by  Profess -i' Powell  from 
strata  in  Southern  I'tah,  which, doubth'ss,  belong;' t<»  the  Larami*  (iroui*. 
It  is  li^iired  on  i'lale  2o. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  species  that  nas  as  yet  licen  olitained 
from  the  Laramie  Croup  is  Tnloloiiid  tliouipsoni**  White,  wliicii  has  been 
found  in  Southern  Wyomin<;',  west  id'  the  liocky  Mountains,  and  also 
east  of  the  same  in  Colorado.  It  is  illustrated  on  Plate  L'l.  It  is 
referred  to  the  j;enus  Tiilotoma  llaldemnn,  rather  than  to  \'iiii)(tntx, 
because  of  its  nodular  orimiueutution;  but   since   the  operculum  ha.s 

•All.  l;c|i.  f,  S.  (icol.  .Sill-.  TfiT.  I'cir  lS7f^,  Part  1,  p.  "J'.l,  id.  lid,  li^.  1. 
tU.  S.  (inil.  Siir.  Tit.,  vol.  ix.  p.  ,">7'.t,  pi.  I-.',  liy-,  1,'). 

tl'or  (Ifscriiilioii.s  and  (ij^nrcs  id'  iill  llnsc  I'dviiis,  sec  ir.  S.  (jool.  Siir.  Terr,  vol.  ix, 
pp.  .'j77-.")S.l,  pi.  .|.|. 
jAii.  Kt'p.  I',  ^i.  (Jeol.  Siir.  Terr,  lor  lS7t',  Tart  I,  p.  '.)>,  jil.  ti-^,  lijr.  5. 
llAii.  Iicp.  i:.  iS.  ticol.  .Sur.  Ti'ir.  I'or  1878,  Part  I,  p.  t)8,  pi.  '4S,  lijj,  (i. 
11 1'owrir.s  iicp,  O(i)lo);-.v  L'iiita  Mouiitaiiis,  ji.  1215. 
'•All.  Ut'p.  U.  .S.  Gt;ol.  .Siir.  IVrr  lor  I87cl,  Part  I,  p.  100,  pi.  28,  Ug.  2. 


ea 


NON-MA U INK    KOHSIL    MOl.MKCA. 


•J';.. 


ni'Vi'f  liot'ii  (lisciivcn-tl,  nil  its  known  cliariM'tcri.sth'H,  «'X»'«'|tt  tlu'  oiio 
tiiciili<iiicil,ii;;n'*-  with  Vivipiirns,  (Voiii  wlii<'li  p>iiiis  noiiic  iiiitiii'DlistNtlo 
not  sfpunitr  Tiili'tiiiiia.  'I'Ih'Ic  ii|)|H'iir«  to  hv  pioti  rciison,  liowcvci',  lor 
Hi'iMiriitiii;;  tlic  t  wo;;i'oii|>s  us  tlislinct  i;fn«'ru  iiinon;,r|iviii;;'  North  Amor- 
ifiin  iiiolliisra ;  lint  it  is  ni>vi'rllM>li>ss  rciisoniilth'  to  siipiios*-  that  tln-y 
hail  a  coninion  ori;;iii  in  a  siii;:h>  ^tcnvrit;  I'oiin  in  sonii'  oni'  ol'  lh«>  ;;*'o- 
lo;:ical  rpoi'lis.  Stu-li  a  coninninity  tit'  ori;iiii,  aiitl  prolialilc  original 
fjini'ii*-  idfniit.v  of  Iht'sc  I'ossil  N'ivipariiit'  I'oiins,  is  slron;;il\  sn;;};rstiMl 
li,v  ('onipaiin^  souu*  ol'  the  spt'cinifns  ol'  T,  tlntmiimnii,  npon  wliirli  the 
notlnlt's  arc  only  faintly  ih'V«'lop<'(l,  witli  typical  specimens  of  I'.  Inuhi- 
Inrmis,  which  have  a  closely  similar  form  an*l  similar  ic\olvin;i  iiil{;i>s, 
lint  no  notlnlcs.  halccd,  sonic  of  t ho  characteristics  arc  so  shiUinply 
alike  in  liolh  these  species  tliat  one  can  hartlly  resist  tlu'sii^fp'stiim  that 
tlicy  llicmselves  present  the  examples  of  su<li  a  «'ominnnily  of  ori;;in  as 
has  liceii  supposed.  If  this  really  was  the  case,  ami  we  accept  I'liloloniii 
as  a  ;;<'nnss"parate  from  ViriiKinin,  v.ehave  an  example  of  tliecvolntioii 
of  a  new  ^tencric  form  witlioiit  a  break  in  a  reco^ni/alile  line  of  descent. 
In  other  words,  it  is  a  case  in  which  I  he  ^rciu'ricaiulspecillc  divei'^jcnces 
in  the  line  of  descent  were  coinciilcnt,  llic  former  hciii^i  the  more  dis- 
tinct of  the  two,  at  least  in  the  features  ]ircscntcd  liy  the  shell. 

From  <ertain  strata  in  I'lali,  which  were  referred  to  the  Tertiary,  but 
which  pioliabiy  belonj;  to  the  Laramie  (Iroiip,  I  described  a  sjiccies  of 
Vl  ^IKinis,  nndei'  the  name  of  W  /o/j/chx;*  but  all  the  kimwn  cxamplen 
.if  it  are  vi-ry  imperfect. 

In  the  Koceiie  l're>!i  water  strata  of  the  AVest,  perhaps  the  most  abnn- 
dan!  .■['••:  ies  next  to  (toiiiolKmiK  ttnitra  Hall,  with  which  it  is  constantly 
associated,  is  \'irii>iirns  paliitliiiwformis  Ilall.t  This  species  has  been 
found  especiidiy  |ilentifnl  in  those  strata  of  Col;  ado,  Wyoming,  and 
I'l  ii'.  It  presents  some  decree  of  variation  in  ditVcrent  districts,  ami 
in  oilfereiit  layers  at  one  and  the  same  locality  ;  but  it  is  not  nearly  so 
variable  a  shell  as  is  its  associate  (iDiiiithuHiH  tenera.  Illustrations  of  V, 
jniliiiliiiw/hniiis  are  {^iven  on  Plate  .'JO. 

The  only  rcmainin;;  specii's  of  ViniininiH  to  be  rcjiularly  noticed  in 
this  article  is  V,  irjiomiiififHsiH  Meek  ;|  which  is  li^tured  on  Plate  .'{(). 
It  has  been  found  only  in  the  liridficr  (Jroiip,  where  it  is  comparatively 
rarc.§ 

The  dilferences  which  are  recojrnizablo  between  the  shells  of  liviii};'  sjte- 
cies  of  \'iripitniti  and  ('itm\nUtmu,  respectively,  are  quite  as  distinclly 
discernible  anion;;  t!ie  I'ossil  forms  which  are  noticed  in  this  article. 
Ue(.();j;ni/,in.!;  the  two  ^icncra  as  -cpiimte  and  distinct,  we  lintl,  as  one  of 
the  earliest  known  loilli  .',  ii.cric.an  siiccies  of  Canipclomd^  n  ftiriii  that 


|:^ii|  . 


•t'.  S.  l';xiil.  1111(1  Su:.  West  111'  llin  liHitli  Mrrid.,  vol.  iv,  ]>.  alf),  pi.  xxi,  lijj.  (i. 
tl-'ri'iiKiiii'M  Urp.  Ui'i';;iiii  iiud  N.  Calil'orniii,  p.  IIHll,  pi.  iii,  11^;.  l:). 
tPmo.  Ac;i(l.  \iit.  Si'i.  I'liilil.,  v«l.i,(:t),  lH7l,p.  l&i. 

^S.Si'c  ndi  Toiiii's  t(>  r.  Ii/illi  ConriMl,  I',  ijliihru  H.  C.  Lt-n,  and  rtiliid'nm  siibgloboea 
Emiuuus,  ou  u  Hiil)8c(|iiuiit  pngu,  iiiidi-i'  (lit'  buad  ut'  Hpuriuiia  uud  doublfiil  aptcica. 


ANXoTAir.ii  <ai'.\i,im;ik. 


68 


WHS  (h'scril)O(l  h.v  .Mfi'k  I'l i  the   Ht'iir  Kivn    l.imimit'  Itrdu  iil'  Hoiitli- 

wi'.sti  111  ^V,volllill^^  iimU'i'  the  iiaiiu'  of  ('.  muvroMitiid.*     it  is  illiislniti'd 

III!    I'llllC  S. 

Meek  \  llii.vilcii  olitiiiiicil  I'loiii  llif  .luditli  Hivfi'  l.iiraiiiic  luds  iil'  Hit' 

rppcr  .Missouri   Uivcr  ickIo"  h  s|M'ci«'s  to  wliicli  tlic.v  ;iiiv«'  llir  ii: t' 

CuiiiiKlitiiKi  n7/(/<(,-t  ami  fxiiiiipli's  III  llu"  saiiu-  siiccics  inivc  also  Ixtii 
ivc<i''iii/('(l  in  llu'  Laramie  strata  at  UlacU  Uiittt's  Station,  in  Siaitlicrn 
W.Miiiiinj;.     It  is  iliiislratctl  tin  I'latf  '21. 

Two  (ithcr  spfcifsol' ('(n;*/*(7r>w«,  naiiici.v.  ('.  miillinlrinlii  anil  <'.  miilli- 
liinatti  .Mei'k  &  lla,\tl«'ii,  wfit-  oiiKinall.v  (Icsnilti-tl  Irnni  tlir  l.araiiiii' 
strata  iit-ar  iMiit  Ciarki',  in  tlic  valU-.v  ol' tlii"  Tppcr  .Missmni.j;  Until 
tbriiis  arc  irprcscntftl  mi  Plate  L'T.  The  t'luiiirr  lias  also  lucii  soiiicwliat 
(lonlitliilly  rccoj-iii/eil  at  I'llack  lliittes  Station,  in  Smitliciii  \V,\oiniii;i', 
anil  tlic  latter  in  tlie  valley  of  Crow  Creek,  east  of  the  K'oeky  .Moiiiitaiiis. 
in  Colorailo. 

Aiiioii;;-  a  colleetion  of  liarainie  fossils  niaile  several  years  ayn  in  the 
valley  ot  the  Yellowstone  Itiverhy  Air.  .1.  A.  Alh'ii  are  some  examples  of 
(Jampvlomii  iHtiltislriiiln  that  show  the  species  to  he  much  more  \arialile 
"than  was  inOieated  liy  the  (Icscrijition  ami  llyiircs  ^iiveii  liy  Meek  iS: 
llaydeii.  Some  of  these  have  the  typical  form  ami  characteristics  as 
(lescrilieil  l»y  them,  lint  others  arc  strongly  shouldered  at  the  distal  side 
of  the  two  last  volutions.     ICxaiiiples  of  these  are  niveii  on   Plate  L'7. 

Associated  with  the  h>re;{diii]U'  are  iimiicrons examples  of  a  very  varia- 
ble species,  some  of  which  examiiles  have  the  charaeteiistics  of  Ctimiirlo- 
iHii,  except  that  they  are  more  than  usually  eloiif'ate,  and  some  of  them 
appear  to  have  the  characteristicsof  /wo/z/'/r,  Troschel.  The  'ipecics  rep- 
resented l»y  these  specimens  appears  to  have  never  hceii  descnhcd, 
and  I  thciefoie  apply  to  it  the  name  of  Caminloiiut  (Lioiiln.r  .')  iinxliiiin, 
imlicatiii.i;  the  form  rei»reiscnted  Ity  tifiures  -'1  and  :.'-'oii  Plntc  L'(»,  as  the 
tyiic.  Ki,!;iires  of  the  associated  forms,  and  which  perhaps  licloii;;-  to 
the  same  species,  are  also  f;iveii  on  the  same  plate. 

Shell, cloiiyateovate;  test,  moderately  thick;  spire,  more  than  usually 
lirodiiced  Im' u  species  of  this  }>('nus ;  volutions,  six  or  seven,  usually 
slinhily  llatleiied,  or  liavinj;'  a  faint  revolviiiK'  depression  upon  the  dis- 
tal side  near  the  suture,  which  is  more  apparent  upon  the  larger  than 
the  t-maller  volutions;  suture,  deeiiand  alirupt  upon  the  iiroximal  side; 
aperture  and  lips  liavinj;-  the  usual  eharacteristu's  of  (hiinjnlonKi  or 
Liiijilii.i- ;  surface,  marked  by  the  usual  lines  of  j;rowlli,  and  by  sDim-what 
iiuiiierous  revolviii};-  stria-  which  are  often  obscure,  but  upon  the  smaller 
volution:-  of  some  of  the  examples  a  few  of  the  stria-  are  so  stroii;;'  as  to 
produce  a  faint  aiif^ularity.  Ainoujj;  these  (-xain|iles  are  others  which 
possess  the  f;oueral  characteristics  of  those  which  are  ri-narded  as  the 

*Si'f  An.  K('ii.  U.  8.  Geol.  Siir. Tirrr.  for  IfiTd,  I'ait  1,  \>.  lOJ,  pi.  UO,  li;;.  •.>. 

1 1:.  S.  Ufol.  !^nr.  Ti-rr.  vol.  ix,  \t.  hSi,  \t\.  l-i,  lij;.  14. 

{  U.  ti.  Uvoh  Siir.  Ti-rr.,  vol.  ix,  pp.  5cSo  uud  OCti,  jtls.  4^,  fiij.  15,  uuil  44,  li;;.  1 


G4 


XON-MAIMNi:    FOSSIL   MOMjrSOA. 


I 


t,vi)esj  but  twoortlnLH'oftlM'ievolvingHtriiV  upon  tlu'suiallorvolutionsof 
tliesi'  exainj)les  arc  inni'li  iiioio  luomiiiont  tliau  in  tlio  caso  of  typical  cx- 
aiiijilcs.  I  at  present,  liowc^vcr,  rcfjard  tlicso  as  only  vaiictics  of  a  very 
variable  species.  Examples  of  '!iis  variety  are  illustrated  with  the 
others  on  Plate  '_'(». 

Tiie  collection  made  by  Mr.  Allen  also  contains  Viriparuntrochiforniis 
and  r.  >t7i/.v««  and  V^. /cnt  Meek  &  llayden,  and  U ii io  sowetus  WU'itv. 

VALVATID.K. 

Tile  ValvatidiC  like  the  Kissoidiu  are  inconspicuous  anu)ng  the  fo.'jsil 
non marine  fauna-  of  North  .Vnu'rica,  but  the  family  which  is  essentially 
a  fresh-water  oiu',  seems  to  havc^  bcconu'  establisiied  at  least  as  early  as 
Mcs<izoic  time.  Indeed,  altiiouf^h  the  Vdlritlida-  are  amony  the  more 
highly  organized  of  the  fresh  water  mollusca,  they  seem  to  have  co- 
existed with  the  earliest  fresh-water  gill  bearing  molliisks  that  are  yet 
known  to  us. 

Among  the  frcsh-v  ater  Jurassitr  fossils  that  were  obtained  by  Meek 
.*t  llayden  from  tie  viciuity  of  the  Hlack  Hills,  iind  which  have  been 
already  several  time;  mentioiuMl  on  previous  itag*  .,  is  a  form  to  which 
those  authors  gave  the  nanu' of  Valrafa  scahritla,*  and  which  is  the 
«'arliest  known  species  of  that  genus  in  North  Amciican  strata.  It  us 
illustrated  on  Tlate  ,'{,  by  a  copy  of  Meck's  tigure. 

The  lu^vt  known  sj)ecie.s  in  the  order  of  time  is  1'.  nana  Meek,t  wliid; 
was  obtained  by  him  from  the  Cretaceous  estnary  deposit  at  Coalville, 
Utah,  which  lias  before  been  mentioned.    It  is  illustrated  on  IMate  .1. 

From  the  Judith  Kiver  Laramie  beds  of  the  Upper  Missouri  River 
region.  Meek  &  llayden  described  a  form  under  the  name  of  Vatrata  f 
nionfaiiatnsin ;  and  from  the  Foit  Union  beds  of  that  region,  two  others, 
under  the  names,  respectively,  of  V.  suhinHbilicaia  and  V.  pamiUt.f  The 
latter  is  jirobably  only  a  variety  of  the  former.  All  three  of  the  last 
named  forms  are  illustrated  on  Plate  27  by  <;opies  of  Meck's  Hgiircs. 

For  the  juirpose  of  presenting  the  subject  of  the  foregoing  pages 
synoptically,  the  foiK"'iiig  table  has  been  prepared.  It  is  intended  as 
a  list  of  all  the  know  .  species  of  the  fossil  non  marine  mollusca  of  North 
America;  and  is  also  intended  to  show  the  geological  i»osition  of  each 
SO' cics,  and  consequently  the  ju'esent  known  range  in  geological  time, 
of  the  families  and  genera  to  which  they  belong.  The  names  of  the  di- 
visions of  geological  time  used  in  this  table  will  be  found  explained  on 
page  .S  et  scq. 

In  making  up  the  following  list,  preoccupied  names,  and  generic  names 
which  have  been  wrongly  used,  are  omitted,  but  such  as  are  regarded  as 


*PnlroiitoI(i<ry  of  lh<i  ITpper  Missouri,  p.  'Ki,  pi.  iv,  lijt  '■i. 
t  Sfu  All.  Kcp.  IJ.  S.  (Ji^ol.  Hiir.  Terr,  for  1H78,  Part  I,  p.  Si,  pi.  12,  Hg.  17. 
{  For  (Icsoriptioiisiiml  Iigiiru3  of  these  tbree  forms  sen  V.  8.  Ouol.  Siir.  Terr.,  vol.  ix, 
pp.  .'J9()-r>;(a,  pl.  42,  mid  wooilciits. 


WIIIIi'..| 


ANNOTATED  CATALOGUE. 


05 


synonyms  tliut  have  been  iniule  such  by  mistaken  identificiation  of 
si)ecies  are  }>iven  in  italics.  It  is  i»vobabh'  that  several  other  like  syn- 
onyms still  remain  aniont;-  those  that  are  not  italicised,  bnt  it  is  not 
thonjiht  best  to  thus  characterize  them  withont  fnrther  investigation, 
because,  as  has  been  already  remarked,  this  article  is  not  a  revision  of 
these  fauna-,  but  merely  a  review.  Those  which  are  enumerated  under 
the  head  of  spurious  and  doubtful  species  on  subseipiont  [M'^vs  are  pur 
posely  omitted  from  this  list.  iMaterials  for  lar}{e  additions  to  this  list 
will,  without  doubt,  be  obtained  through  future  operations  of  the  Sur- 
vey, and  from  other  sources. 


66 


NON-MARINK   FOSSIL   MOLLUSCA, 


TABUTiAR  VIEW  CF  THE  NON-MATTINE  FOSSIIi  MOIiliTTSCA 
OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Devonian. 

1 

.i 

Jurassic. 

a 
O 

^aj 

Tertiary. 

Post, 
tortiarj-. 

1          g 

1? 

a 

Oi 

& 

p 

CONc'niFERA. 

OSTRKID.K. 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

( ).  glaliiii  Mc.'U  .t  Ilnyili-u  



.  , 

........ 



AXOMUOyE. 

X 

X 
X 

X 
X 

*  ' 

MYTIMI>/i:. 

V;)lst'Ilji  {llniclivdtiiitcs)  rcguliiria  W 

' 

V.  (IM  latii'OMtiita  W  

iNroNir*.!:. 

AiHiitiiiilii '  ('i)lskillt<iisi.-t(\'anii\(Mii)  ilal).. 

X 

X 

X 
X 

A.  |iai.iUi'la  W      

' 1 

X 
X 
y 

X.i'Ion"at!i  1)   

N.lavis  I) 

M,rr;;aritjnia  iH'lti'am'4'iiHta  M.  t^*  H 

X 

X? 
v» 

Cnio  ifalliiirnniH  M ' 



r.mnalis  M.  \  II i 

X 

X 

r  (Mar^aritana?)  hiibbanti  (rfthb                         '-- 

X 
X 

V.  pfiniUiiiiuH  (t 

I'.  iK'llipIicatiiH  M 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

X 
X 
X 
X 



I'.  llrWCVlUlUH   M.  &  II                     



I'.  MI'IHM't  UK    W    .     .     .. 

r.  |Miscii>*   M.  &  II 

:       1 

U.emllicUi  SV 

1.... 

TABI  -;    OF    NON-MARINK    FOSSILS. 


67 


Tabular  vieto  of  Ike  m  i-marine  fossil  mollusca  of  Xorth  America— Continued. 


1 


> 

Carboniferons. 

1 

•fi 
H 

'o 
a 

t 

s 

i 

a 

1 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

Te 

1 

1 

rtlnry. 

1 

1 
i 

i   h 
1   ^ 

Pnst- 
tcrtiaiy. 

3      ? 

CONCHIFEKA— Contiuned. 
llMOXiDiE — CoutinuoU. 

.  . 

V  iildrirhi  W 



17.  }::i)inopotiiH  W  

.... 

V 

U.  itirckii  AV 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

.. 



r.  toUinoidefl  Hall  

CYRKMDiE. 

X 
X 

(J.  carlotoni  M 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

(J.  ocridentalis  :M.  &  11 

('.  rvtlu'i'ilbrmis  ?»f .  &.  11 

('.  (Lcptt'stlH'H)  iVacta  M.  &  K 

C.  (L.)  Hubrlliptiea  M.  &  11 

C  umboiH'lla  M       

('.  bortlioudi  W 

C.  rlobmni  W 

C.  obesa  W 

C  t'ardiniicfomiis  W 

S.  rrrtieardinnbi  M.  &  IT 

Si  formosum  M.  &  H 

X 
X 

S.  ?  idahoenaoM 

PISIDIID^. 
Pisidlum  ftnginatnra  W 

X 

X 
X 
X 
X 

.... 

CORBUUDiE. 

C.  nndifrra  M 

C.  undifoM,  vur.  Hubnndifera  W 

t.... 

68  NON-MAKINE    FOSSIL    MOLIATSCA. 

Tabular  view  of  the  non-marine  fomil  molliisca  of  North  America — Continnt'd. 


1 
i 

j2 

1 

.2 

_0 

Cretaceooa. 

i 

Teitiarj'. 

Post- 
tCi'tinry. 

§ 

V       s 

CONOHIFKRA— Ctmtiuued.      i 
CoR»ri.n>.i:— (-'ontinned. 
Corbiila  H)il>tripiinaliH  Mock  &  Ilaj'dt'ii... 

X 
X 
X 

X 
X 

C  permidnta  M.  X  II     ■ 

1 

1 

(lASTKROPODA. 

AUIUCrMlJ/K. 

X 

Khvtopliortifl  priflcuH  M 

X 
X 

MMN/i:ii>.i:. 

1,.  (Acrlla)  li.ililt'inaiii  W 

" 

X 

I«.  vi'tiiHta  M  

1 

X 
X 
X 

1 



I..  (Li'ptoliiDiica)  niiimwiilii  W 



X 

X 

I*.  Hliuiiianli  M 

1 

I,.  (INilvrlivtis)  kiiiyii  M 

Xf 

X 

' 

1*.  i'iiu\'u])itiisM  .  vV  11 

X 
X 

J*.  (11.)  plaiinronvi'XiiM  M.  A:.  H 

X 
X 
X 

I*.  (H.)  kanalMiisLs  W 

V.  ((r  waul  lis)  inilitai'iH  \V 

X 
X 
X 
X 

r.  firratuM  W 

r.  Vi  tltstilr*  M.  i^  II 

X 
X 
X 
XI 
X 
X 

1*.  iii'ln;mi'i'iisiH  1',.  Ar  S , 

IMiiihi  M.  ,V  a 



(,'ai'iiiitV'x  (Voiiicircx)  ti'voiii  M 

(;.  (V.)  liiiint-vl  M 

niYsiD-t:. 

X 

1*.  ropri  W 

X 
X 

IMclix  W  

I'.  )>liTiiniati8  \V  

X 
X 

P.  In'iil^rrcimis  M 



X 

Ilnliims ativiis  W   

X 
X 

11.  sulHlunj4ata.s  M.  &  H 



WII1TE.I  TABLE    OF    NON-MARINK    FOSSILS.  69 

Tabular  view  of  the  non-marine  foml  molluica  of  North  America— Continued. 


1 
1 

i 

_w 

a 

1 

'a 

1 

X 
X 
X 
X 

X 

To 

1 

rtlar 

1 

1 

if   '' 

Vn 
tiiti 

2 

o- 

uy. 

1 

(iASTKROPOUA— Coutiiuicd. 
I'livsiD/E — Ciintiiiiuul. 

.. 

It   l;-iii-ilii>imi>t  \V 

ANCYLID^. 

X 
X 

I   -iti;!   (lillHi    W 

AMUiSlDM. 

X 

x» 

VITKIXIDJi. 

X 

X 

X 



II   '  cviinsi  M  \   If 

X 

MKLIClDyi:. 

D.-tWHuui'Ua  nu'ckii  llnidltiy 

Ilrlix  VftUHta  M  A:  II 

X 

X 
X 
X 
X 

11  (Sti'ul)ilii?)  kiiiiuhi'iiHiM  W 

X 
X 

X 

11.  (Ariaiita  0  lipiiiia  W 

11.  (A.  i)  li-idyi  Hull  &  Minsk 

H.  f  vrti'ina  M.  A:  11 





X 

TlianinaHtus  liiuiiirfoi'n)i&  !M.  &  IX 

X 

X 

X 
X 

(I.  vonniculii  M.  &  IT 

I'uriD^. 

Stroi>liit»'H  sruudiuva  Diiwaoii     

X 



X 

X 

X 

X 

P.  Vtiiisbyi  D    

I*.  vmiiillioiicimiH ItrsuUev  ••• 

Pupa  (Leucochfila?)  incolata  W 

X 
X 
X 

X 

i*.  (PupiUaO  uremila  W 

I'.  (P.?)  atavuiniula  \V 

SULCI  NID.K. 

N^ritiua  ut^braBcenais  M.  &H 

X 

N.natlcffonnls  W 

X 

.... 

.... 

70 


NON -MARINE    FOSSIL   MOI-LUSCA. 


Tabular  view  of  the  Hon-mariue  foaail  mollunca  of  Xorlh  America — Coiitlimod. 


1 

1 

III 

Jurassic. 

U 

I 

X 
X 

Turtiai 

:  . 

«      a 

a      i) 

V        V 

y. 

I'n 

ti'i'tl 

, 

1 

9 

at- 

iry. 

i 
i 



GASTE  ROPOUA— font  i  uii.ul. 
Nf.iii  i'ii>.E— Cuiitiiiiiotl. 

X 

• 



\  (V  )  ImiitiHijk  \V                                       ...' 

X 
X 
X 

cKKiriiiin.i:.                   { 

MKLANIin.K. 

X 

^f  laruniia  W                                                     '  .  . 

X 
X 

M.  .'  inHculpta  M 

X 
X 
X 

M..^ntiii  ^ulptilin  M     

M. .'  tiivlori  (Jaltb        .                ' 

1 

X 
X 

X 
X 
X 
X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

('i:uii»iiAsiii»:. 

tt.uhrvmiUia  M    

.... 

i 

(r.  chrvHiiUitidi'ii  W  



' 

(i.inatiltnti  \V 

(1.  (I.i(f])lax  !)  I'lnlUohi  W 

1      i 

(i.  cnnvtixa  M- &  II     

1 

1      1 

C.HuliIji'viH  M.  &  U    .     ...             

(1.  (nnitta  M.  &  H 

1 

G.  f  HtibtorttiOHa  M .  tS:.  II 

1 

1 

1 

tr.  ( Ijioplax  0  ti'iiuU'arinafa  M.  &  H   



X 
X 
X 
X 

<i.  niidnlifera  U  

ir.  earteri  Cournil    

CasHinpt^lla  turricula  W 

X 

X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

uissoin.i:. 

ILantUonvi  M.  &  II 

II.  tMiliiiioHK'rt  M 

H.  wanciiana  M.  &  II 

II.  recta  \V 

U.  utalimiHiH  W 





wiiiTR.l  TABLE   OP   NON-MARINE    FOSSILS.  71 

Tabular  view  of  the  non-marine  fossil  mollusca  of  A'orlh  Jniorieo— Contiuued. 


GASTEROPODA— Coiitiiiiita. 

RissoiD^— Contiiiuoil. 

Miriopyrgus  niliintnluH  MM'k&  Hnyiliiu 

n.vtiiiiiella  greKuria  Meek 

viviparida:. 

VivipuruH  iiilliuiiiis  M.  &  U 

Liu|ilii('(iili'ii  veteiniiB  M.  i  II 

V  i V  iimniH  coiieHU  Wlilte 

V.ooiimdl  M.  &H 

V.  |»'riillai'iH  M.  &  H 

V.  ti'dcliitbi'iiiis  M.  it  H 

■  V.l.iil.vi  M.  &.n 

V.  Ii'iil.vi  var.  fmiiKMUB  H.  &  H 

V.lcal  M.&II 

V.  vc'ViiolilHiuniiH  M.  &  H 

V.lTtUSUB  M.&  II 

V.  |)rmlcutiu»  W 

V.  plii!iipn'H»ii8  W 

V.  pAugiiitclioiiHi»  W 

V.  i')iiicu8  W 

V.  paUidiux>runiiig  IIoll 

V.  wyouiiii^euHis  M 

Tulotnnia  tliompsoiii  W — 

Cuiiipeluiiin  macroHpira  M 

C.vftula  M.&  II 

iJ.  niiilti»triata  M.  &  II 

C.  niiiltiliucata  M.  &  H 

C,(Lioplax?)  prwliicta  W 

VALVATIDiK. 

Viilriitu  scabi'iila  M.  &  H 

V.  nana  M 

V.  montanaeusis  M 

V.  subumbilicata  M.  &  II 

V.paiTula  M.&H 


Tertiary. 


\     POBt- 

tertiary. 


ll.§ 


72 


NON-MARINE   FOSSIL   MOLMTSCA. 


SPUniOTTS    AND   DOITIITFUTj   SPECIES. 


11  v< 


fills 


The  spi'cies  iiieiitioiicil  in  the  followiiif;'  iiotos  were  ii(»t  included  in  the 
lort';;«)iiij;'  list  lu'«'iiiisc  a  pait  of  tlicin  do  not  belong;  to  tho  non-niarino 
nioliiisca  as  tht'.v  \v»'iv  siipposi-d  to  do  hy  tiu'  antliors  wiio  first  di'smilu'd 
tlicm;  fonci'ininj;'  tlic  tnu-  ciiaractm'  of  otlicrs  tliciv  is  sonic  room  for 
doubt,  and  tiic  pnblislicdjnforniation  concerning,'  tlic  remainder  is  eitlicr 
unsatisfactory  or  en'oncous. 

In  I  lie  Annual  Ueport  of  thedeolojjfical  Survey  of  New  York  for  18;U», 
pp.  (m,  (»(»,  Mr.  T.  A.  <'oni'ad  piiblislu'd  descripti«»ns  of  four  sjtecies  of 
molliisks  from  tlui  Medina  Sandstone  (U|)|»er  Silurian)  under  the  names 
respectively,  of  I'laiiorhis  trilohtitHH,  Cyclontomd  jwrretUHta,  Uiiio  primi- 
fieiiiiis,  and  //.  orthoiiotits.  All  these  are  now  known  to  be  marine  spe- 
cies, and  to  Itelon;;,  respectively,  to  the  },'enera  liiwanUi,  I'Iciirofomaria, 
CyiniiKidilcHy  .*  and  MwlioloimiK. 

In  the  Aiiierii-an  .lonrnal  of  Science  and  Arts  (1.),  Vol.  XXIX,  p.  140 
c' ,vt7/,  Plate  1,  Ki^'s.  l"-~,  Dr.  S.  (i.  Morton  brietly  described  and  rudely 
lij-nied  live  forms  which  he  named,  respectively,  Unio  pitfosiis,  I',  tumit- 
IdtiiH,  U.  Icrrcnits,  U.  ntuiiliun,  and  Amtdonta  liildrethi ;  and  which  he 
reported  as  iiavin^'  been  ol)tained  from  Coal-nieasure  strata  in  southern 
Ohio.  If  these  fossils  wore  really  obtained  from  (Joal-measure  strata, 
our  ))resent  knowled^fc  of  the  fauna  of  that  jieriod,  at  least  as  it  was 
tlevelojted  in  tiie  ief;ion  indicated,  makes  it  improbable  that  they  were 
corretttly  relerred  to  the  {genera  I'nio  ami  AnoihnUt.  It  is  more  jirob- 
able  that  they  were  obtained  from  a  |K>8t  Tertiary  deposit,  and  that  they 
reaily  bcloiifj'  to  liviii}?  species. 

In  the  proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  I'hiladul- 
j)liia,  I>S(JS,  pp.  J(»2-l(>4,  Dr.  Isaac  Lea  described  ten  sp<  cies  under  the 
followinj;'  names,  resiicctively :  Unio  inoiutoidcfi,  U.  nidiafoides,  ('.siihro- 
tuiidoiden,  U,  varloxoidcs,  I'.  Ininwrosoides,  U.  ronnolcoidex,  V.  ligament- 
aides,  C.  alitloidis,  AaodonUt  (/randioideii,  and  A.  vurpuhnUtides.  They 
were  obtained  from  a  deposit  in  New  .Ier.sey  which  Dr.  Lea  regarded  as 
"Lower  Cretaceous,"  but  which  is  almost  certainly  of  jiost  Tertiary 
date.  Moreover,  they  jtrobably  belonjj  to  the  liviiifj  species,  the  resem- 
blance to  which  is  so  plainly  indicated  by  the  respective  names  which 
])r.  Lea  apiilied  to  them. 

In  Paleontology  of  Calitbrnia,  Vol.  JI,  p.  .S8,  Mr.  (labb  sjieaks  of 
havinj;  found  the  followiu};'  sjiecies  of  llclix  in  a  fossil  condition,  in 
ditt'ercnt  parts  of  that  State,  part  of  them  beinjj  referreil  to  strata  of 
Pliocene  a^ic,  although  the  sj)ecics  are  all  now  living  in  that  region  : 
Ilclirfrnrta  Newcomb,  //.  hUdelmtndi  Newcomb,  H.  viormomim  Pfr.,  //. 
tryoni  Newcomb,  and  //.  tiidivuhito  Ilinney. 

Mr.  U.  C  Lea  described  a  shell  under  the  name  of  Turbo  ylaher  in  the 


WltlTR.] 


OKNKnAI.    niSClTSSION. 


7.'{ 


•a 


Transactions  of  the  Aiiiorican  IMiilosopliiital  Society,  Vol.  iX,  p.  2(57, 
Plate  37,  Via.  ^7,  wliicli  Mr.  (Jonnul  stated  in  Pro(!.  A<ia»l.  Xat.  Sci. 
I'liiiad.  18(U,  |t.  507,  to  be  identiital  with  the  I'alitdina  Miibfilohosa  of 
I'^iiiiiionN  ((leolo;,',v  of  Nurtli  Carolina,  p.  -'7.'t,  Ki(,'.  l.S(i).  Tills  assnnied 
identity  is  donbtfnl.  The  latter  is  pndnibly  either  a  Viripanm  ov  a 
dampcloiiui.    The  former  is  ]>robably  neither. 

Kroni  the  Kocen(^  strata  of  Wilmington,  North  Carolina,  Sii  Charles 
Lyell  obtained  the  natural  east  of  a  shell  which  he  referred  to  I'dUtdhia 
and  published  (.lour.  (ieol.  Hoc.  liond.,  Vol.  I,  p.  4.'{1)  a  (l},nire  of  it,  but 
without  a  specillc  name.  (.'(Uirad  subseipiently  (Am.  .lour.  Conch.,  Vol. 
1,  p. .'{!.')  "jave  the  name  Vipiixtrim  li/elli  to  this  f.)rui.  It  is  prolialiiy  a 
true  Viriiianai,  but  its  characters  are  not  sulliciently  known  to  settle 
the  (iue>ti(ui  definitely. 

In  Fremont's  Ueport  on  Orejjon  and  Northern  California,  i>p..'f(>S, .'(00, 
Plate  111,  Professor  Hall  has  lij^^ured  and  described  several  forms  which 
have  not  been  mentioned  in  the  body  of  this  article.  They  jtrobably 
belonj,'  to  a  freshwater  fauna,  although  it  was  sn|»posed  that  they  were 
of  marine  orij-in  when  they  nere  described.  The  si»ecinu'us  he  had  wt-re 
evidently  imperfect,  but  1  have  never  seen  them,  and  1  have  l)eeii  una- 
ble by  aid  of  Professor  Hall's  descriptions  and  lijjures  to  identify  the 
species  which  they  represent  ainonj;"  any  collections  made  in  the  \V«'st. 
The  followin}f  are  the  names  pven  theni  by  Professor  Hall  in  the  wotU 
cited:  Xiiciilu  impreum  (.'),  Cytlicreu parvuhi,  I'lemoUmutriti  iiHi(inj)itl((lit, 
Ccfitliixm  frenioHii,  y(itic(t(f)  ocviilentalis,  and  Tiirritella  biliiiiiitd. 

In  Vol.  Ill,  p.  10,  American  Journal  of  Concholoj^y,  IMr.  T.  A.  Con- 
rad published  a  description  and  figure  of  a  shell  from  the  Carbtmifer. 
ous  strata  of  Kansas,  under  the  new  generic  name  of  J'riscoiKtia,  refer- 
ring it  to  the  lTnioni<la'.  It  is  probably  a  sj)ecies  of  Schizothis,  and  there- 
fore belongs  to  the  Trigoniida;. 

In  Vol.  VI,  of  the  same  Journal,  Conrad  described  Mcltaiia  tiaursa 
and  Amulonfn  ilvvurtata  "  from  Colorado."  ]>ecause  h«'  did  not  state  any 
hx^ality  or  formation  from  which  they  were  obtained,  these  s|»ecies  are 
not  include  in  th»^  text  of  this  articl(\  Tin;  former  is  i)robably  from 
Oregon  and  identical  with  j\r.  tai/lori  Gabb. 


GENKRATi   DISCUSSION. 

Upon  the  preceding  pages  1  have  presented  a  synopsis  of  all  the 
known  fossil  non-marine  mollnsca  of  North  America,  in  the  conr.se  of 
which  it  has  been  shown  thai  many  of  the  types  now  recognizable 
among  the  living  non-marine  molhisks  have  great  anti(piity  ;  but  that 
certain  of  the  tyi)es  which  have  been  recognized  only  among  the  fossil 
s])e(!ies,  and  are  therefore  regarded  as  certainly  extinct,  w«'re  cont«'m- 
poraiieous  with  many  of  those  which  survived.    JJefore  closing  this 


74 


NOX-MAIMNi;    I'OSSII,    MOM.I'SCA. 


mm 


III  tide  it  will  lie  pioiuT  to  prt'seiit  soiiu"  niMUTiil  (liM«!iissii.|i  of  tlw  imtiin' 
ol'tlii'  I'cliitioiis  wliii'li  tli(>st'  fossil  forms  lii'iii' to  (iicli  otiior  iiml  to  ||m)s*> 
now  li\  iiii;,  iiimI  to  niaUc  smiu-  sii};;;'i>slioiis  ns  to  tlic  prohiililc  iiiics  of 
ili'srciit  of  IIh>  latlt'i',  aihl  the  ciiiiHos  of  tlif  dcsf ruction  of  tiiosr  wliicli 
li;i\"  I'liilcil  lo  Mirvivt'. 

ill  tlif  inc^i'iii  state  of  nciu'1'ai  UiiowltMljff  of  tlu'  sniticci,  it  sofiiis 
liardls  iM'ccssan  to  sialic  in  ili-tail  that  tlicsc  relations  are  rejiaided  h,\ 
natnialisis  a-^  ;4('n<'tie  in  llieir  eliaiaeter,  aixl  that  the  various  forms 
whieii  wr  tliscover,  liutji  li\in;;anil  fussii.  liave  lieeii  e\ol\T(l  from  |iie- 
evistin;,'  primary  forms.  If  the  theory  of  t lie  evolution  of  oryiinie  tilings 
is  to  lie  ac '('iiled  in  aii,\  sense,  it  seems  iieeessary  to  eoiieiiiile  that  inol- 
Inseaii  life  lie^an  in  tiie  sea,  ami  that  all  fresh-water  and  land  mollnsca 
have  liceii  |irimaiily  derived  from  those  of  iiii»rine  oriKiii.* 

While  it  is  not  my  purpose  to  discuss  this  theory  as  simh,  it  will  be 
iie(;essary,  in  the  course  of  the  reniarlvs  which  are  to  follow,  not  only  to 
refer  to  some  of  the  phases  which  the  suliject  presents  when  vie\\ed  in 
relation  to  the  iirolialtle  ori<i'in  and  distriliution  of  the  noii mariiie  fossil 
mollnsca.  luit  it  will  also  be  necessary  to  adopt  that  theory  at  least  as  a 
worUiii};  and  e.\planatory  hy|iothesis.  Indeed,  without  an  liy|iothesis  of 
this  kind,  the  striicfiiral  relations  which  we  tind  to  exist  between  those 
fossil  forms  aiiionji'  tiiemselves  and  between  the  fossil  and  li\  iny  forms 
arc  iueanin;;lcss  and  unimiiortant.  With  the  acceptance  of  such  a  theory 
investi^'atioiis  likr  these  liecome  part  of  the  elucidation  ol  a  firaiid  his- 
toi'.N  which  lias  I'ortuiialcly  been  self  rc<;isterin;;'  and  subject  lo  errors 
only  of  iiitcrpretati<iii  arisiii};  mainly  from  imiierfection  of  c\  idence. 

If,  as  has  been  premised,  the  first  molliiscan  life  be;;an  in  the  sea,  and 
the  tirst  noil  marine  mollusca  were  i' vol  \cd  from  those  which  orifiinatcd 
in  marine  waters,  we  may  well  impiire  'vlietlier  at  least  a  part  of  those 
nou  marine  forms  which  siibsei|nentl.\  (  xisted  had  not  also  a  similar 
ori;;in.  and  whetlicr  we  may  not   conseipicntly  ref-ard  tlu'  ;;reat  tide  of 

*It  is  will  kiiduii  llial  ill  I  lir  ch'm' nl  xinic  liniiilics  of  liviii;;  innlliiscii,  wliilc  irr- 
tilili  spi'i'ii -.  will  llirivc  ill  lir;ii  kish  Wiilrr.s,  iioiii'  of  Ihriii  will  Uw  in  )irili'cll.v  fresh 
walci'N.  Ijiviii;;  i'\;nM|ilc's  of  iii.H  fact  lire  ('oiiiiiion,  iiiitl  Hoiiir  have  liri'ii  oliscivcd 
union;.;  llic  LaiMiiili'  fauna.  l>iil  loo  many  fads  air  known  concrniiiiK  Ihr  aMIilv  of 
oilier  niollii^Us  to  pass  from  salliif  to  ficsli  waters,  lo  leave  room  for  ri  asoiialile  doiilit 
tliat  llie  liesli-waler  inolliisea  Hero  primarll.v  derived  from  the  marine.  .Mcncover,  llie 
evidence  seems  eoneliisive  tliat  iiaii.v  siiecies  wliose  living;  conveners  are  fonnd  exeliis- 
Ivelv  ill  fresli  waters  were  in  tVa'mer  ({<'oloj;ii  ,il  e|M>(lis  aide  lolive  in  waterslhiil  were 
more  or  less  saline,  11  is  the  o|dnion  of  I  ho  writer  also  thai  in  all  or  nearly  all  cases 
where  marine  types  of  mollilsks,  fishes,  Ac.,  have  liceii  found  in  liraeUish  and  fresh 
waters,  or  their  remains  in  deposit.s  ol  sn(h  origin,  they  have  Ipecoiiie  haliitliated  to 
sindi  waters  li\  haviiij;  been  landloi  ke(l  liy  the  lisin;;  sea-hottom  aroiiiid  them.  That 
Is,  they  w<'re  |)rol)aldy  forced  lo  cdhlunn  to  a  ehaiific  of  haliitat  lliat  they  would  not 
have  voluntarily  cliosen.  It  is  prol.  ildi'  also  that,  as  a  rule,  I  he  fri'sh  water  inollnNcii 
have  lieeii  ilevelopi'd  as  »iicli  by  conipiilsion  of  this  character  and  not  by  voluntarily 
forsaking  marine  for  frissli  waters.  Once  developed  as  purely  frcsli  water  mollnsca, 
certain  forms  at  Utiist  became  inca])abl(^  of  a  return  to  marine  waters;  but  I'crtain 
oilier  forms  seemed  cupabic  of  surviving  a,  partial  but  not  complete  fresbeuiug  of  the 
waters. 


»"K*», 


m 


wiiiri!.| 


tiKNKUAl-    KIHrl'SSION. 


75 


.1^ 


lion-iiiiiriiu-  iiiolliiscjiii  lilo  tliiit  has  coiiu- down  to  iis  J'roni  tin-  pasl  iis 
liaviiitr  Ih'i'ii  mad'  iipol'  niaii.v  foiitrihiiliiiiL;'  shviiins  \\  liicli  had  the  sea  as 
their  source,  rather  than  iey;ar<l  it,  IlKiirativelv  spe.iiiin;;,  as  a  stream 
haviii;f  an  ancient  anil  |ierlia|>s  sin^h^  stSnrce,  iiiyinentin^  in  voinnn- 
ami  throwing  olVlroni  itself  nnnierous  branches  whie'i  l)eeanie  eolhiteral 
lines  of  descent.  It  is  reasonalili  tosnppose  that  l>oth  these  conditions 
of  ev.-hitioh  have  prevaih'«l,  iniundy,  that  while  sonuM)f  the  ;;enutie  lines 
of  the  lion  ina>  iiie  niollnsea  may,  and  ihxilitless  do.  run  l>ack  to  jialeo/oic 
lime,  the  families  of  iioii marine  moUiisks  have  had  iiian.s  accessions 
from  the  sea  fiom  liuic  to  time  tliiiiiifi:  tlie  successive  j{e«  'oyieal  iijifs, 
ami  that  cjcli  of  these  accessions  was,  at  least  polentiallv.  the  source  of 
snl>sci|ii(iit  collatenil  lines  of  (h'stn-nt.  But  the  (|iicstion  of  the  piiiiiarv 
origin  ol  these  lines  of  descent  is  not  an  essential  one  in  tlu'se  dis(fiis 
sioiis,  liecanse  I  propose  now  iilv  to  considei'  the  evidence  that  they 
hii\f  existed,  and  make  some  iiKpiiiy  into  the  character  and  relations  of 
certain  of  those  lines  wliicii  may  he  rey;arded  as  dire<!lly  liin  id.  In 
these  impiiries  I  shall  treat  coincidences  of  strnetnre  amonn  tiie  fos.sil 
and  reiHMit  shells  which  come  under  consideration  not  only  as  indica- 
tions Init  as  proof  of  fjenetic  relatioii-liip;  and  this  relationship  as  fnnda 
mentallN  pertaiHin;;  to  tlu^  ;;folo;ii('.il  and  zoolof^ical  history  of  the  mol- 
liiscan  life  whi«;li  they  leprcscnt. 

It  is  tine  that  the  incompleteness  of  the  inat«'rial  which  is  or  that  we 
nia,\  ever  hope  to  have  available  for  study  is  so  {,'reat  as  to  leave  many 
Kiips,  at  least  in  the  details,  of  the  life-histories  of  all  the  type-  which 
liave  been  reco;^ni/ed  amoii;>  tli«^  fossil  niollnsea. 

When,  therefore,  we  come  to  trace  the  j>robable  lines  of  succession 
of  the  vaiions  tyjies  of  mm  marine  mollii.sks,  we  are  met  with.eertain 
ditliciilties,  both  apparent  and  real ;  and  in  endeavoring;  to  account  for 
the  manner  in  w  liich  those  lines  may  have  been  preserved  unbroken 
tliron;'li  sncc(!ssi\e  ^eolo;jieal  |»eriods,  the  ditUculty  seems  especially 
Hi'cat,  when  (casually  considered,  in  the  ease  of  the  freshwater  j,'ill- 
beariii};'  mollusca. 

The  prevalence  of  the  sea  has  always  bet>n  practically  universal ;  and 
the  various  inoveiiients  whii'li  the  earth's  crust  has  iinderfjoiie  since  life 
be;;an  in  the  sea,  wnde  they  have  ri^peatedly  disturbed  mdestroyeil  the 
habitats  of  its  mollnsean  denizens  in  certain  localities,  and  have  broken 
many  of  the  lines  of  ;;t'netic  succession  of  types  that  had  from  time  to 
time  become  established,  there  has  evidently  never  been  anything  like 
Hucli  a  ;;eneral  di'su»ction  of  life  in  the  sea  as  would  either  break  (U' 
materially  interfere  wnh  the  j;reater  part  of  the  i)rincipal  lines  of  such 
succession.  In  short,  the  mariiu;  tield  for  the  development  and  perpe 
tuity  of  niollnsea  ri  life  has  been  ample  and  unbroken  from  the  beyinnin;: 
to  the  present  time,  and  we  are  at  no  loss  to  understand  howeontiiinoiis 
lines  of  ;jenetic  succession  of  its  denizens  may  have  extended  down 
throii;;li  all  the  j-cologiiial  a^es,  modified,  it  is  true,  by  immediately 
euvironinj;  and  cosmical  causes,  but  still  unbroken.    We  may  at  least 


7« 


n<»n-mai;im;  i-osmii,  mui.i.i'sca. 


VH 


U I 


(•orirliidi'  (lull  if  I'Vci'.v  miilliisrim  .Hpt'cics  tliiil  now  i-xists  in  tin-  hch  hiiH 
not  Ihm'ii  liiii'iilly  tlt'iivt'il  IViiiii  (lie  t'liiiifsl  ihuIIiisimii  loiins  tliiil  Iiuvk 
cxislnl  ill  il.  IIh'Ic  liiivf  Imm-ii  no  sucli  cliaiiKi-  <'l  itn  pli.v^if'nl  t  oinliticMiN 
iiK  wonlil  prt-cluilc  siu'li  ii  pos.siliilil.v. 

W'lii'M  \vt' coiiii'  to  lilt-  sln<l,v  oI'IIm'  lossit  piilnKniiili'  nioIliisrM,  rspt'ci 
iill.v  iIk'  hinil  slh'lls,  wi'  liiivf  iilso  lift  It' or  noililllciill.v  in  nn(lt>rsliin<lin;; 
how  il  li;is  iiri'ii  possililf  lor  fontiniions  lint's  ol'  I'xiislt'iin'  nf  (licsc 
niolhisks  III  lie  picscixcil  llironyli  siircrssivc  nfoloyiciil  pi  lioils  upon 
iiii\  (Dill  i  lien  I II I  iircii,  siicli  foit'MiiiipIc  lis  North  Anu-rit'ii.  not  wit  list, iinl- 
iii;;'  the  iiiiiiit'roiis  iiiiii  ^i'*'''!  pli.ssinil  )'h;in;:f,><  that  iiavo  takcii  ,  lacf 
williiii  ils  ;ircii  (Ini'ini;  tliosr  pcriotis.  llriiiK  aii'l»n':i<ln'rs,  iidtliiiit;  iiiis 
tipparriill.v  ocrinrcd  to  picNciit  their  sale  iiii;;'i'ation  to  other  ;;'i'i)iiiiil 
\vlirii(\er  thai  whieh  tiie.V  iiia.v  have  at  any  time  oeeiipi»Hl  lieeaiiie  iiii- 
eoii;L;eiiial  li,\  reason  of  ph.vsieal  ehaii^ies,  lieeaiise,  as  a  rule,  those 
eliaii;;i's  were  elleeted  so  slowly  that  a  eoiiliniiity  of  I'onyi  nial  haliitat 
for  such  inolliisks  was  not  iieees.sarily  Inokeii.  Tliey  were  thus  ap]iai' 
eiilly  as  eapahle  of  preserviiii;'  a  eontiimoiis  esistenee  throiifiii  siieees 
sive  ueolo;;ie,il  periotis  as  the  marine  molliisea  we/e. 

Itiit,  as  liefore  iiitiiniited,  when  we  eoine  to  the  stmly  of  the  fossil 
shells  of  the  tVesli water  ^ill  Ueariii;:  iiiolhisea,  whieh  in  their  livin;<' 
slate  must  neeessarily  Lave  lieen  eonllnetl  to  tlnvatile  anil  laeiistrine 
waters,  it  is  not  easy  to  understand,  witiioiit  a  special  e\])|jinatiiin,  how 
eontiiiiioiis  ji'eiietie  lines eonid  have  lieeii  |)reser\»'<l(as  we  lliid  they  were 
preserved  eseii  down  to  the  present  time)  throii;;h  a  siieeessioii  of  jicolo 
yieal  periods,  diiriii;;'  whieh  the  Kieat  lakes,  as  we  know,  and  all  the 
I'ivers.as  is  generally  lint  erroneously  lielie\-ed,  in  which  those  niollnsks 
lived,  have  heeii  successively  oltlilerated.  •  I'ivers  are  sepaniied  from 
each  other  liy  intervening;  land,  and,  rnnnin;;  to  the  sea,  their  iiioiiths 
are  separated  liy  marine  waters,  neither  of  which  liarris  is  are  fresh-water 
^'illliearin^r  mollnska  capable  of  passing;',  lint  if  it  can  be  shown  that 
throiiiLihoiil  I  hose  ^'eolo;;ical  ]teriodsaiid  down  to  the  ])ri>MMil  time  there 
has  lieeii  direct  continuity  of  fresh  water  by  means  of  lakes  or  rivers, 
or  biilh,  the  case  is  plain  enon;ih.  Indeed,  as  precai'ions  as  the  exis- 
tence of  continnoiis  life  of  that  kind  nia,\  seem  to  Innc  been,  under  the 
circiiiiistances  of  such  vast  ithvsical  (diaimes  as  are  known  to  liaxc  ocv 


ciirr(Ml,  we  are  forced  to  coindiide  that  it  is  in  this  direction  that  we 
must  seek  for  an  expliiiiation  of  the  inanner  in  which  were  preserved 

"Il  iiiav  lu'  sii")jrsi(il   lliiil    till'  ili.Htriliiitinii  iil'  llicsr  loniis  1111111  line  river  iir  river 


svsleiii  Ik  iniollier, 


IV   liiive  liikeii  iiliiee  liv  Hie  li'MiiMiiiii'tiil inn  of  ilir  iiiolliiNks  (ir 


llieii'  i';;^s  li\  :ii|ii;ilir  liirtlH,  While  siieli  lniiiN|ii>rl!iliiiii  is  iiiliiiilleil  to  liiive  iieeii 
|iiissilili'  ill  some  itises,  il  eiiniiot  lie  iiillilil  led  iis  :i  |iroliiilile  eiillse  of  :in.V  eolisiileiiilile 
jKirl  of  111!'  illsli'iliiiiion  tliiil  iiiiisl  liiive  oei  iiireil  iliniii;;  the  He  vein  1  ^eolo;;ieiil  epoehs 
ill  wliirli  llii'  iiiollii.seiiii  IvjM's  icleneil  lo  iiic  know  ii  lo  liiive  exixtetl.     Nolwillmliinil- 


llii 


iiiiiiimI   itii^riition   ol'   niyrliiits   of  iii|ii.'ilie  liiids  lielwi 


IIk'  Hortliern  ami 


Noiillieni  |ioilioiis  of  North  Anierici  at  the  |ire.sent  lime,  nml  itoiilitleHs  iiIho  ever  sineo 
it  lias  lieen  iieonliiieiil,  llio  fresh- w at ennolliiseiin  liiiinie  of  thoHC  regions,  roHiiectively, 
aro  atilt  UiMtiuut. 


wild  I-   I 


(IKNKIIAI-    DIM  rssiOV. 


77 


'1 


■■>: 

i 


■.'!*■ 


llif  ricMli-Miitcr  iiiolliiHnm  t,v|K's  tliiil  Imvc  1 ii    rniiml   in  llir   Miiioiis 

uniiips  (»r  Ntntli  Aiiu'iit'im  Mcso/tiic  anil  <'(  noziiic  Mdiitii.  iinti  Ihiit  we 
iilsii  lliitl  iiinoHK'  living'  iiiolliiscn.  'rinil  is,  tlic.v  lni\c  l)ccii  prt'scrvcil 
tlii<iu;;li  II  (•oiitinuit.v  nl'  liiiltiliil  in  llic  niii;;4'niiil  IVt-sli  waicis  nl'  liiki-s 
iiiiil  rivers,  llniirisiiin;,'  in  lln-  laio's,  wlicn  tln-.v  t-xistcd.  as  wril  as  in  tin- 
rivfis.  anil  rscaiiin;;'  li.v  tin'  streams  wliirli  uiti'  tlir  luiiniT  oiilli'ls  anil 
inlcis  III' till-  lakrN,  Inn  wliicli  ciinlinin-il  to  llow  alliT  llir  iiMilt'ialinn  nl' 
till'  latter,  as  liveis  or  triliiilaries  nl'  liver  systems. 

Lakes  are  inily  parts  nl'  iintliiislieil  liver  systems  wliieli  ilisa|i|ieat'  liy 
liein;;  iliaineil  when  the  system  is  linisheil  liy  the  ;;railiial  weaiin;;'  ilnwn 
nl'  its  ehannel.  A  lake  eitiiseijneiitly  enntains  essentially  I  he  same 
ai|Ueniis  t'aiina  that  the  llnvatile  pnrtion  nl'  the  system  ilnes  in  ease  the 
water  nl'  the  lake  is  whnlly  IVesh;  nr  a  mntlitleatinii  nl'  that  laillia  if  the 
waters  nf  the  lake  are  mine  nr  less  saline.  The  ;jreat  lakes  whieh 
e.visteil  in  Western  North  Aineiiea  in  the  Tertiary  anil  haiamie  |ieiinil.s 
Hiieeessivcly  boeaine  nltliteraleil,  but  we  may  reasniiahly  eoiieliitle  that 
at  leas'  a  part  nl'the  river  ehannels  nl' to  ila.s  have  existeil  as  sneli  I'lniii 
larliei' ;'enln;;ieal  times;  that  the  ^ji'eater  pai't  nl' them  were  estaMislieil 
in  epnehs  anterior  to  oni  own,  anil  that  those  of  some  of  the  tiilaitaries 
nl'  Ihe  present  Mississippi  Kiver  system  are  iilentieal,  at  least  in  part, 
with  lornier  nntlets  nr  inlets,  nr  linth,  nl'  the  ;;i'eat  aiieieiit  lakes  whieh 
have  just  lieeii  rel'erreil  tn.  Coiiseipiently  we  may  I'easnnaldy  enii,  initio 
alsn  that  the  mnllnsean  faiiiia  of  the  Mississippi  I'iver  system  is  lineally 
ileseenileil  trniii  the  laniia' nC  those  aneieiit  lakes,  anil  the  riser  systems 
nl'  wliieh  tliey  cniistitnteil  laeustrine  pnrtiniis.*     This  view  is  ennlirmed 

*  I  Inn-  ini'liKii'  tlin  Ijiiraiiili'  Sea  in  llir  iim'  <iI'  I  lie  Iitiii  "  lunislriiii',"  llii'  Icnn  "sra" 
lii'iii^  iisi'il  siMi|il,v  III  Inilli'ati'  tlnit  \tn  waliTs  wni'  Naliiii'  anil  mil  t'rrsli ;  jiisl  as  ilio 
ItJMi'k  anil  ('a->|ilan  air  ralli'il  Mras  iiiMtrail  nl'  laUrs,  anil  tnr  I  In'  sanii'  iraNim.  It  may 
Mi'i'in  til  III'  llii'  i\nr  iil'u  iiiisiKinit'i'  to  N|ii'ak  nl'  llii'  liaraiiiii'  Sra  as  a  pait  ni'ii  livi'i'  sys- 
li'iii,  lii'iaiiM'  il  was  so  iniini'iiHi'ly  lar;;i',  anil  tin- riintlni'iilal  aira  wliirli  was  iliaini'il 
into  il  was  |ii'ii|Mirliiinally  Misinall.  Init  11'  IIm'si'  viiws  iiiin-cinin);  llir  rnnililiniis  wlilili 


tlicii 


I'xisti'il  all'  ciiri'ri't,  Unit  sra,  with  its  tiilinlaiii's  anil  inillrl,  ilill'i'i'iil  niilv  in  ili'- 


Hri'i'  anil  not  in  kiml,  from  any  rivrr  Hyslini  wliicli  has  a  lakr  nl'  any  sizr  in  its  prin- 
«'i|ial  riinisi',  'I'lir  watiTs  of  that  si'a  having;  lirrn  salini-,  llir  I^aramii;  liyiliii;;ra|)liir, 
Hysti'in  ininr  nraily  ii'simhIiIi'iI  lluit  ol'llii'  ISlai'k  Sra  than  any  iitlirr  now  I'xislin;;  that 
is('i|iially  wi'll  known;  ami,  although  llii' anrionl  sra  has  Ion;;  sinri- ilisa|iprai'<'il  I'l'inn 
till'  t'ari'  ol'  ihr  I'arth,  its  ''  llclh'spont  "  .still  IIiuvh  as  a  part  of  tlin  .Missonii  ItiviT.or  of 
Noinr  onr  of  its  trilintarii's. 

'I'lii'  roiiiiiiinKlinf;  of  lirai'kisli-wati'r  ami  firsh-watiT  fosnil  forms  in  an  rsliiary  iln- 
piisit  is  rrailily  I'xplaiiii'il  l>y  tlio  siipjiosition  that  Ilii'  rivrr  whirh  ili'hourlinl  into  tlin 
I'slnaiy  lnon;;lil  ilowii  tin;  lattiT  anil  miliKli'il  tliriii  with  tlir  former,  liiil  Ihrroiii- 
iiiiiiKlinK  "f  liraikisli-watiT  ami  fresh- Wiit it  forms  oeeiirs  in  some  portions  of  the 
Laramii'  ileposits  uiiiler  siieh  einiilitionH  as  to  eonipet  tin*  lielief  that  some  of  them  at 
least  liveil  anil  tlirivcil  together.'  There  is  evideiu'e  also  that  the  fresh-water  fauna 
lirojier  of  the  Laramie  system  not  only  inhaliiteil  IJie  streains  which  emplieil  into  its 
Hea,  lint  that  in  ;;reat  anil  shifting  areas  of  the  sea  itself  the  waters  were  sunieiently 
flesh  to  allow  the  existeiu'o  in  tln'ni  of  sneh  molluBUs  as  ['iiio,  (louiiibaiiiH,  yiriimriiH, 

Camiwlnma,  Ae.,  ami  saline  cnon^li  in  other  ]iarl8  for  the  existent f  (hlnn,  Aiiomla, 

('oiiiiilii,  Ae.  This  view  of  Ihe  comlilions  of  tlie  r.arainie  Sea  liein^  areepteil  it  is 
]iluinly  seen  to  have  been,  what  K'iller  has  aptly  tenneil.an  nnlilli^hl■ll  river  system, 
though  an  uxtrvmu  oxauiple. 


"% 


»'  .■'. 


m 


i'i, 


? 


mi\ 


I 


78 


NOX-MARINE    FOSSIL   MOLLUSCA. 


by  the  iilontity  of  the  liviii{?  with  the  fossil  moihiscan  types,  wiiich  has 
ah-eady  been  referred  (o. 

Rivers  have  of  course  existed  ev<  r  sIikh'  a  siinicient  extent  of  conti- 
nental surface  was  raised  almve  tiie  sea  to  accuniuhit»(  the  waters  that 
fell  from  Ihedoutls;  and  in  view  of  the  niij^iity  clianjtes  that  have  taken 
place  duriti";'  the  ))rojir«'ssive  j^rowth  of  (he  North  American  continent, 
especially  the  elevation  of  its  f;reat  mountain  systems  and  plateaus,  it 
wouUl  he  natural  to  suppose  that  the  earliest  rivers  ;il  least  have  been 
obliterated.  Some  have  no  doubt  been  obliicrateil,  but  (rontrary  to 
wind  has  been  the  jicneral  belief,  the  receid  laltois  of  Powell,  Dutton, 
and  others  have  shown  tha^  tin-  'iver'.  of.  North  America  have  been 
amonfj  the  nsost  |)ersistent  of  its  jihysi  al  features:  that  many  of  them 
are  older  than  the  UKmntain  ran{;es  o''  the  re;;ions  which  the  rivers 
traverse,  and  that  they  have  not  yielded  their  -'ri^jht  of  way"  when  the 
nnmntain  ranj-es  jind  plateaus  wele  raised,  bid  continue<l  dnriufj;  and 
after  that  elevation  to  run  in  essentially  the  same  lines  which  they  had 
chosen  when  the  region  they  travci^  (i  was  a  jilain  instead  of  a  mount- 
ainous one.  That  ancient  river  .->  imis  have  liccn  in  some,  and  per- 
hai)s  many  instances,to  a  f;reateror  less  ext«'nt  divideil,asaconsequence 
of  unccpial  continental  elevation,  ov  ironi  oilier  causes,  is  quite  certain; 
and  it  was  doubtless  in  i)art  by  this  means  th.'t  the  dispersion  of  fresh- 
water niollusca  into  dit!erent  rivei  systems  has  been  effected.  That 
some  formerly  existinjj  riv«'rs  with  their  lacusuine  portions  have  been 
ol  literated  and  their  molluscan  fauna'  destroye<l  is  doubtless  also  true, 
but  these  facts  d(»  not  necessarily  atl'tct  the  correctness  of  ♦^he  view  con- 
cerning' the  {general  persistent  integrity  of  rivers  and  ri\er  systems 
which  has  been  referred  to.* 

'Hie  coah'sceiice  of  separate  minor  dramafic  systems  by  the  c<nitluenee 
of  their  lower  i)ortioirs  into  a  common  channel  durinj:'  the  jirojiressive 
elevaticni  of  the  continent  has  also  been  ai.  "mi)ortant  means  of  the  ilis- 
persion  of  tluvatile  niollusca.  By  such  coalescence,  what  were  once  sep 
crate  rivers  or  minor  drainajic  systems  became  jiarls  of  larjicr  ones;  as, 
for  example,  the  union  (d'  the  se|)arate]icripheral  members  of  the  ^n'at 
Mississippi  River  system,  which  now  forms  a  common  draina^ic  for  the 
principal  part  ol'tlieciMirincnt.  The  Ohio  and  I'lijier  Mississippi, the  two 
most  ancient  portions  of  the  present  Ki'<'"t  system,  were  once  separate, 
rivers,  cmptyiiif;  into  a  northern  extension  of  the  (ireat  (iiilf;  and  it  is 
luactically  certain  that  neither  of  them  received  that  portion  of  the  iiiol 

'Till'  (liscoviTV  i)f  so  lew  ti'iirc's  nl'  tliival ilr  i'  posits  iis  Imvc  Ipcrii  iiiadt'  aiuoii;;  tlio 
Htratii  of  llir  earth  is  proliatily  iliic  to  'lie  !.■.  rsiHtfiit  ailliciciuc  of  riviT.s  to  tlicir  an- 
I'iciit  iIiaiiiM'ls.  \V!ifii  laiiil  ii|ioii  wliicli  rivers  have  formerly  run  liass'ilisided  lieiieatli 
tlie  levi'l  of  llie  sea,  till'  lliivalile  deposits  were  doiilitless  destroyed  iiy  the  emroiieli- 
lli;;  niariiie  wilels.  If  the  land  eontinned  to  rise,  as  has  heen  so  j;enerally  tlie  ease  in 
the  gradual  prodnetion  <if  the  North  .American  eontiiient,  the  earlii'r  river  ileposits 
were  swept  away  in  later  linieM  liy  their  own  waters,  as  their  valU'ys  were  liruatleued 
and  ileepened.  It  is  t  lierefori'.  as  a  rule,  inily  in  I  hi'  deposilsof  Itienstl'ilie  portioUN  of 
.ancient  river  sysloms  tliiil  tl.eir  fannit!  have  heen  preserved. 


% 


WIIITK  I 


OEWKRAL    DlSCrSSIO.f. 


70 


lii.sciin  numa,  wiiicli  now  so  strongly  clianictcrizes  tlu'iii,  until  after  tln! 
confiiioncp  witli  tli'.'ni  of  tlio.  wosteru  portions  of  tli-.  jiroscnt  {irciit  river 
system  wliieli  hroii^i'lit  that  fauna  from  its  ancient  iHuiie  in  tlx'  western 
part  of  tlie  continent.* 

Ilivers  iiavin.^-  been  tlnis  persistent,  anil  the  manner  in  wliicli  cunilu- 
ence  of  tlie  waicvs  of  many  of  tliem  has  been  etVected  hein;i  nnih'rstooil, 
it  is  no  more  remarkabU'  that  the  types  of  fresh-water  .uillbearin--  mol- 
liisca  liave  come  (h)wn  to  us  from  former  {i'Cdlojiical  [teriods  pra<'tically 
uncliiin;4(Ml,  than  it  is  that  marine  anti  hind  mollusca  have  rciiched  iis 
bearinji  t'l^'  inip'''"f  '>''  "'<''''  >'<'i'".v  ancient,  itnt  wliiit  we  Jiave  lieen  ac- 
customed to  call,  modern  tyi»es. 

The  manner  in  which  the  various  t;>ies  of  moilusean  life  li;i\i'  jtrolia- 
bly  come  down  to  the  |)resent  time  from  former  ^•eolo;;ical  jierioils  liav- 
in,u'  been  pointed  out,  wo  come  next  to  imiuire  to  what  extent  the  views 
thus  expressed  are  eonliimed  by  a  comparison  of  the  living' with  the 
fossil  non-nmrine  im)llnsca.  As  regards  the  freshwater  and  laud  /riol- 
Insea,  it  imiy  ')e  st;'ted  without  hesitation  that  those  views  are  fully 
coulirmed  ity  such  a  comitarisoii.  That  is.  we  lind  between  the  fossil 
and  livin.ii-  fauna'  such  an  extensive  af-reement  of  tyiies  as  to  com|>el 
the  conclusion  that  the  ibrmer  lepfeseut  the  latter  ancestrally.  It  is 
true  our  investij;ations  have  siM>wn  that  souu'  of  the  tyi)es  of  fresh- 
water ^ill-bearinji'  mollusca  which  cxisteii  in  INIesozoic  and  ("eno/oic 
tiuu-  are  not  rei>resented  amon^;  livin.t;-  forms,  havin.i;  becoinc  extinct; 
but  every  family,  abnost  every  if  not  every  p'uus,  au.l  many  of  the  sub- 
ordinate divisions  of  those  yenera  that  are  known  ambu.i;-  iivini;  Noi'tii 
Anieiicau  freshwater  mollusca,  have  been  reco^iuized  amoii^  the 
species  that  <'onstitute  the  ditVerent   fauna',  the  fossil  ri'mains  of  which 

ha\e  I n  collected  from  the  .Mesozoic  and  Cenozoic  i^trata  of  \V<'stern 

North  Anu'rica.t     These  investigations  also  show  the  interestinu-  f.ict 
that  while  considi'rable  numliers  of  types  amonj;' the  mollusca  rclerreil 
to  have  been  from  lime  to  time  extin.uuished,  the  extinuuishmeni  hav 
iufi'  in  siane  instances  taken  place  as  late  as  the  Pliocene  epoch,  lew  or 
no  new  ones  appear  to  have  been  introduced  to  replace  ;ni.\  of  them 

*  I'lir.-c  ii'iimiksiU'c  lilMilc  with  cspi'ii:!!  ri'lclriicc  In  tin-  IJiiioliida'  :  Unl  1  lir\  iirc  iilsii 
jipplicnlplc  to  oilier  ;;ill-l)ciiiin),'  iiiolliiscu.  iiiiil  llii'.v  will  no  doiilil  :iii|ily  wiili  (({ikiI 
loicc  lo  al  li'.ist  n  pail  ol'  llic  ii-luhyc  liiuiia  ot  tjint  ^ical  river  system.  Tlu'  pi-o;;ciji- 
liiiHor  111!'  fj'OK'i'l''  ii"W  living;  in  llial  river  system  wi're  ilonlilless  ori,!:in:i11y  land- 
loelieil  in  the  l.aiainie  sea,  coiuimied  lliroM;;li  tlie  Iresli  watei'  ICoeeiie  lakes,  and  liiially 
escaped  to  !lie  present  river  .system  in  the  manner  already  sii^t^esteil. 

(The  I'xii  net  ions  rel'erri'd  to  si'em  to  liave  lieeii  eaiisi'd  liy  a  lailnic  ol   I  he  w  alers  in 

which  I  lie  lost  t.>  -, "lived,  to  seen  re  a  con  I  in  nous  I  low  into  any  exist  iiij{  liver  system. 

This  is  of  coiMse  e(|nivalent  ti)  snpposini;  an  exception  lo  tile  rule  alnady  aniionnccd. 
thai  rivei's  ha\i  liei'n  pcrsiNteiit ;  lint  such  e\,  epiions  lieini,;  well  ifiitle  nlic:ilcd  woidd 
only  aild  slreii,y;tli  to  the  arjtiiinenl  in  favor  of  the  rule.  The  portion  of  llie  l.araiiiii' 
(ironp  known  as  the  Hear  Uivcr  licds,  mid  the  Miocene  Tinikvc  (ironpof  Nevaila, 
Idaho,  and  Orcfron,  both  contaiiiitin  extinct  types,  may  lie  laUiii  as  indicalin^  a  fail  urn 
of  I  ho  waters  in  which  they  were  resjit'cliTely  deposited  toseciiri!  persistent  (oiitiiinity 
during  HubHoqiu'ait  tiiuo. 


80 


NON-MAUINK   roSSIL   MOLLUSCA. 


siiuri'  the  clo.siiiff  i']»()clis  of  iMosozoic  tiiiic.  Fresh  wnlcr  mollusca  ap 
])('ar  to  liavc  htm  less  subject  tliau  marine  iiiolliisca  to  those  eosinieal 
iiitlueiici's  wliich,  iroiii  i\n  '  to  a^'e  and  IVoiii  epoch  to  epoch  of  jicolo.nieal 
time,  ]>i()}iTessively  inipresHed  the  marine  moUusca  witli  their  \von(h'rtiil 
diversity  olfoini  and  sfriietnre. 

Whih'  so  larji'c  a  proportion  of  t lie  types  anion};'  tiie  fossil  fresh  water 
and  land  niollnsea  are  clearly  reeojiuizcd  anionj;'  those  no,>'  liviii.i;,  a 
larjic  ])roportion,  if  not  tlie  ^jreater  part  of  the  fossil  hrackish-water 
ty])cs  which  ari>  presented  in  this  article  are  difteiciit  from  those  of  the 
corresponding  I'anna  now  liviiii;'.  This  is  donhtless  dne  to  the  fact 
that  (he  lines  of  snccession  of  most  of  the  l)rackish-water  niollnsc:i,  the 
remains  of  which  we  have  had  opportnnity  for  stndy,  weic  denizens  of 
tlie  brackish-water  Laramie  Sea,  and  were  cnt  oil'  by  the  final  freshen- 
inji'  of  its  waters,  from  which  there  was  no  esca])(^  to  the  coasts  of  the 
o))en  sea,  where  they  mij;lit  have  had  a  conj^enial  habitat,  while  their 
coiitenii>oraries  of  tlie  land  and  Hnvatile  waters  survived.  This  tiuit 
has  been  nieiitioned  on  previous  pages  in  connection  with  the  jiresenta- 
tioii  oi'the  several  types  referred  to.  It  is,  however,  a  remarkable  fact 
that  at  least  five  of  the  tyjies  that  are  recognized  among  the  fauna  of 
the  liaraiiiie  (Ironit,  nainely,  Batlii/omphaiiis,  Verifhidea,  i'i/r(/nUfera, 
Mil(iiii>i).si.s,  and  tiiie  Mrlania,  have  never  been  found  among  the  living 
fauna  of  Xorth  America,  but  are  represented  by  living  species  in  the 
old  world,  lint  this  and  other  questions  pertaining  to  the  Laramie 
invertebrate  fauna  will  be  discussed  iu  a  mouograpli  of  tliat  fauua  uow 
in  preparatioii . 


82 


NON-MAKINK    FOSSIL    MOLLUSCA. 


kt: 


(I 


PLATK  1.     DEVONIAN. 

sri!i:riim>  ciian-D/Kva  1):i\vm>ii.     (I'Hjif  trt.) 

FiO.  1.  Fni-iii.'i,l,.>Ml;u-K,Ml.     Th.>  small  .mtlin,-  I.,  tli.'  left  shows  the  nataral  size. 
Al'trr  Oawsdii. 

AxoMONTA.'  ANdrsTATA  ( Viiuuxem )  Hall.     (Page  18.) 

Fig.  ■-!.   Ki«h1  si(h>  view,  iiatiinil  size. 

Fill.  :<.  l><ii'«!il  ^  >>'"■"'' ^■■"""'-     Al'tcT  Vaiinxcm. 

Anddoma.'  CAnsKii.L'-.NSis  (Vaiuixcm)  Hal).    (Pase  18.) 
Fifi.  t.  Right  side  view,  natural  size.     After  Vauuxcuj. 


m 


V.  ft  OEOLOaiCAL  SUHVEr 


AWIAI.  UEI'OHr  lASt    PI.  1 


DEVONIAN. 


84 


NON-MAKINE    FOSSIL    .MOLLU8CA. 


Fio. 
Fir,. 


PLATK  2.     CARBONITEROtTS. 

Ptta  vivrrsTA   ninvson.     (PiiRn.'iO.) 

Lateral  viow,  enlarged. 

Apfrturiil  view,  enliirj;e<l.     .Mter  Dinvsnii. 


Fio. 
Fio. 


Pawsoni-.u.a  mkeki  Hrailley.    (I'linoH.) 

Apertnriil  view,  eular'.'eil. 

OiitlilH' ol"  miller  view,  enliirged.     Afli'r  Wliillielil. 

Antiihacopita  oiiioKX.sis  Whitlield.    (I'iitje  .'>0,) 

Liiteriil  vii^w,  eiilavfjed. 

I>ateriil  view, .outline  sliowin^  edfje  of  (iiiler  lip. 

I.iileial  view,  iiiitline  shdwiu;;  iiperfiire. 

Oulliiio  view  of  aperliire,  more  eiilarsed.     Al'ler  W'iiillield. 

Pdpa  niG.siiYi  1).     (Phk''  •''"•) 

.  Lateral  view,  i-nlarged. 

.  Lateral  view  of  a  smaller  ex;iniple,  enlar-ed.     Aft.r  Diiww.n. 

Zt)NlTF.,K   I'Rl.SCU.I   I).      (I'lIK"'"-) 

.   Lateral  view,  eiilarne<l. 
View  sliowinn  tlie  aperture,  enlarged.     After  nawBon. 

Pita  vr.it^iii.i.inxi-.N.xis  li.     i  Pagt' -''"I- ) 

.   Lali'ral  view,  l^nl:lr;;l■d. 

,.  I,ateral  view,  sl.owin-  I  lie  ai.ertinv,  enliu-ed.     After  Pawwm. 

NAiAi>iri:s  cAHiioNAKiA   1>.     (Pawe  l!'-^ 

p'lG.  IT).   Left  side  viiw.  niitiiriil  si/r.      After  Dawson. 

NaIAI'ITI-.S    lI.ONtiATA    I>.      iPajJI'l^) 

Fig.  16.   Rigbl  side  view,  natural  size,  ami  enlar;ied.     Afl.  r  Dawson. 

NAiAi>rri;s  i,.KVis  D.     {Panel'.t,  > 

Fig.  17.  Left  valve  eulttrged,  and  smaller  examples  of  natural  size.    After  Dawwin. 


Fio. 
Fiii. 
Fio. 
Fio. 


Fig. 
Fig. 


Fkj. 
Fio. 


Fi(i. 
Fig. 


V.  8.  OEoiAKin-Ar.  urnvEr 


AKKVAn  IIEI'OItT  ISS3    PI. 


11. 


^ 


CAKBONIFEROUS. 


86 


NON-MAHINK    FOSSIL    M0LLU8CA. 


FLATi:  :t.     .H'HASSK!  AND  TKIAHSICT 

I'NK)    STKWAllDI    Wllilr.      I  I'tllil'  'JO.  ) 

Kl<:.     1.  Oiitliiii'  III'   I  li'l't  v:ilvi-  nsinri'il  iViimi  ritinmi'iits,  iiiitiir.il  nIzi*. 
I'nio  xrcAUN  Meek  A  Ilayddi.     (F,i};<' 'Jl'. ) 


Kid. 

I'Ki. 

I'lo. 


Fi(i. 


Fid.    ti. 


Km.    7, 


Km.    -I. 


Fkj.    It. 


Kifi. 
Ki(i. 


10. 


Liiii'iiil  vii'w  of  11  left  valvi'  sliy;liil.v  rt,'»t<ireil  from  i\  .>i|ir(  inn'ii  a  liltli-  .'I'iimIhmI. 
Porxal  view  of  llic  .siiiiic;  tin-  linrht  valvi'  ri'stoml  in  M.vmiiM'tiy  with  llir  Irll. 
Dorsal    vii-w   of  our  of  llic  oiiijiiiali.v   li^iiri'd   lv|)rs,  slifiliijy   irstoli'd,   'In; 
s|M'ciincii  lifiiif;  a  littlr  ri'iisliril  :  all  natural  si/c. 

rxm   (■|!I.sri)Nr,.\sl'<    Mrrk.      (Plinr   ID.  1 

Right  side  view  of  .Mr.  Mn'k's  niii.st  in'il'iit  lypr,  niiliii';il  siziv 

Ki,.\.N()Hni>  vi'.ri:iiMs  M.  A  II.    (I'anrlo.  i 

LuttM'al  viinv,  naliir.il  size,  and  the  .--aiiu'  <'nlar;;rd;  also,  a  tiansvcr.so  si'ilion 
sliowini;  the  nniiilH  r  and  Hliapc  id'  volntions.     .M'tiT  .Mt-rk. 

VaI.VATA   .SI'AIIKIDA    M.  iV  11.      (l'a;ic  (;4. ) 

Copy  of  ori  ,iin»l  lijjun'  of  Mwk  A   Maydrn. 

VlviPAlMS  lill.l.lANTs  M.  A  II.     (l'ay;it>0.) 

Two  views  of  flir  lyjn'  s|iriinirii,  iialiiral  si/i".     .M'trr  Merk  A  llaydcn. 

I.iopi.AcoDKS  \  KiKH.vi  s  M.  A  H.     ira^rliii. ) 

Two  vii'ws  of  thr  type  spi  rinieii,  naliiral  size,     .\ftei'  Meek  A   ll.iydeii. 

\|-.I!I1INA    Ni;lll!ASlK.\.'<IS   M.  A    II.       (I'.l^-e  .'.1 .  ) 

Two  views  of  llio  type  sppeinien,  natnral  Ni/.e.     .Vflcr  .Meek  A  llaydcn. 
Enlar!;ed  view  of  ii  portion  of  the  snrface  showing  the  pattern  of  the  lolor 
iiiarkini's. 


v.  s,  GF.ninnioAi  sviivky 

■7 


AKxr.u.  itKfoitr  is-ij  VI.  .1 


JUHASSIC  AND  THIASSICf 


8£ 


NON-MAUINK    KOSSU-    MOUiaiBCA. 


PLATK  4.     CRETACEOUS. 
M^KOAKiTANA  NEB..A8CB.NM.8  Meek  &  Ha.vde...     (H»g«ai.) 


KIG.  I.   lA'lt  Niilf  vic'W.iiiituriil  nizi'. 
Kio.  -2.  Umsiil  vii'w  nl'  till'  «iiiii«'. 


CYltKNA    OAK..TKNS18    M.  &  H.      (PageW.) 


Km.  :t.   Left  Hiilf  vifw,  iiatuial  »i/.f. 

Flu.  4.    Dorsiil  view  of  thf  siiim-.     Alttr  Meek. 

I'llYSA f     (PagelW.) 

Kio.  5.  Lateral  view  "f  au  iiuperfect  uatural  cast,  uatural  Bize. 


f.  t>.  in-oi.iiiiii:\i,  niHYF.v 


i.v.v/.i/,  iinfiiiir  mt  PI  I, 


CRKTACKOUS. 


n% 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


^// 


.// 


^  .^^ 


A^ 


.^t^ 


1.0    ^^  U£ 

1.1    !.■«■" 


6" 


Corporation 


as  WKT  MUM  sTmr 

Wntfll,N.Y.  I4IM 
(71«)t7a*4lM 


'4 


90 


NON-MAklM',    FOSSIL    MUI,I,USCA 


I'Ui. 


I'l.i 
I'l.i 


PLATK  5.     CHETACEOIIS. 

llNKi  I'K.NUI.TIMUS  (i;il)b.      ( l':i>;i' '.'1.) 

1.  Copy  til'  Mr.  (ialili's  ini^'iiiiil  lij;uic,  imUirul  sizo. 

llNlc)  iiuitUAltui  ().     (Jl'agf21.) 

•J.   Left  siilc  view,  iiiitiiral  si/.f. 

;;.  oiiiliiii' of  iViiiit  view.    At'itT  (ial)b. 

Oykkva  CAKLiiTo.Nl  Meek.    (Page  30.) 


■I.  Left  view,  natural  size. 
.^.  Dorsal  vit'W  of  tin-  saiiio. 

AxoMiA  I'ltoi'AToKis  VVbite.     (I'a^f  IC.) 

(!.   lOxIcrior  vii-w  iif  an  iipiicr  valve,  natural  size. 
7.    l.atiTal  view  of  thr  Kauic. 

Nkkitina  (\"i:i,Ari:Li.A)  uki.i.atula  M.     (l'a!;<' ry.>.) 

H.  Dorsal  view  of  ii  small  exaniide,  eularjjcd. 
'.).  L.iteral  vic-\v  of  another  example,  i'ular};e<l. 

NEUITIXA   (VKI.ATKI.I.A)   lAUlHTOIDKS   Jl.      (I'ai;e5-i.) 

1(1.  Dorsal  view  of  the  type  speiinien,  natural  si/.e. 

NTIRITINA   IIANNISTKUI   .\1.      ( 1 'a^e  T)".*. ) 

II.  Lateral  view,  enlarj^ed,  sliowiui;  the  color  markings.  The  Kpeeimeii  hua  beeu 
:'  little  eomiires.sed. 

I'J.  I'wo  vii'\v.sof  a  sunill  rxani|ile,  enliiruvd.  'I'he  eolor  nntrkiuuM  are  not  pre- 
served in  this  example. 

Mici.AMiMs!'  ANri((rrs  .M.     (PajioUB.) 

l:t.  Lateral  view  of  a  small  ex.imple.  ciiliirni'il. 

14.  Opposite  view  of  the  same. 

l.'i.  I'rajiment  of  a  very  hn^e  e\aMiple.  natural  size. 
ICi.   ,\pex  very  mneh  enlarjifd,  showing'  the  reversed  init.ial  whorl. 

Mi'.I.A.Mffs.' r     (.I'n-el^.) 

17.  Lateral  view,  natural  size. 

PiiV.SA  (■ai!I.I':t(>m  M.     (P:ii;e4:i.) 

15.  Lateral  view,  natural  size. 

Vai.vata  NANA  M.^    (Page  t)4.) 

I'"ni.  I'J.   Laliual  view,enl.'irf;ed. 
Fig.  'JO.  Sumndt  view  of  the  same. 


Fiu. 
Fiu. 


Ft.;. 
Fi(i. 


Fui. 
Fi.i, 


Fid 

Fid. 
Fid. 


Fid. 
Fid. 
Fid. 
Fid. 


Fig. 


Fid 


K  S.  aE0tOGlC.il.  srilVKY 


.\XXr.U.  IIKPORT  m3    PI.  /! 


CKETACEOUS, 


92 


NON-MAKINE    FOSSIL    MUL.LUSCA. 


PLATE  6.     BEAR  IMVEK  LARAMIE. 

UNIC   BELLIPUCATUS  Mirk.      (PllgH'.i4.) 

Fia.    1.  Left  side  view,  uatural  size. 
Fio.    'i.  Similar  view  of  anotber  example. 

Fia.    3.  Dorsal  view  of  a  left  valve,  a  little  distorted,  showiutj  the  plicatious  of  the 
umbo 

Pyuoulifeua  iiumekosa  M.    (Page  54.) 

Fio.    4.  Lateral  view  'if  a  large  example,  i\;iMii'al  size. 

FlQ.    5.  Opposite  view  of  the  Slime.     This  is  the  same  example  that  is  Ugured  by  Meek 

ou  p.  177  U.  S.  Geol.  Sur.  40th  Paralhl,  vol.  iv,  but  it  has  since  beeu  cleaned 

of  ei.'raiieoii8  matter. 
FlQ.    6.  Lateral  view  of  u  smaller  example. 

GONIOBASIS  CLKBUBNI   White.      ll'il>,'e  .'.ij. ) 

Fio.    7.  Lateral  view,  natural  size. 

Fio.    H,  Similar  view  of  another  example. 

Fig.    9.  Fragment  of  a  large  example. 

GONIOBASIS   CH.tYSALUlIDKA    \V.      lPago5ti.) 

Fio.  10.  Lateral  view,  natural  size. 

Fio.  1).  Similar  view  of  another  example. 

GONIOIIASIS   MACILKSi'A   W.       (I'ilge&tj.) 

bio.  12.  Lateral  view,  enlarged. 

GONUtBASIS   OHKYSAL18   M.      ^PaguC)^>.) 


Fio.  i:t.  Lateral  view,  enlarf^ed. 

Fig.  14.  Similar  view  of  another  example. 

LlMN«A   (Ll.M.VOI'llYSAl    .N1TIDU1.A    -M.      (Pago3'J.) 

Fio.  15.   Lateral  view,  enlarged  two  dliiimtiTs. 
Fio.  10.  Opposite  view  of  the  same. 

Physa f    (Piig.-4:».) 

Fig.  17.  Lateral  view,  natural  size. 

LiMNJiA   (ACELLA)   II Al.KK.MANl    W.      (Paije  39.) 

Fio.  18.  Lateral  view,  enlarged. 
Fio.   I'J.  Opposite  view  of  the  same. 


■s 


r. «.  OBOLoair.ti,  sriivFY 


^SXiAL  IIEPOHT  lUSt    PI.  H 
\ 


94 


NON-MAIilNK    FOSSIL    MOLLUSCA. 


Kio.  I. 
Fio.  2. 
Fig.  X 
Fig.  4. 


PLATK  7.     HKAK  TUVEK  l.AKAMIK. 

UNIO   VKTUSTl'S   Mffk.      (PilK«'   •<«■*.) 

Left  Hul.-  vi.w  of  a  lu.s.  .-xauple;  «  lit-l-  .■om,i..vssc.1  laterally. 
Rijjht  Ki.l.<  vi.-w:  th.'  ,.o«tcvu.r  portion  a  litll..  ,o„.p.-.w.l  vorti.a  y. 
D.il  vi..w  of  Fi«.  -i ;  .1.0  loft  valvo  .vslonMl  in  syunnotry  wtl.  tl,«  nght. 
Iiitt'rior  view  of  ix  li'ft  valvt'. 
(All  iiiitiiral  Hizf.) 

Ni-.RiTiNA  N'.VTIOIKOUMIS  White.     (l'aK<'-'>''i-) 

FlG.  S.  Latoial  view  ;  enlarged. 
FlO.  0.  Opposite  view  of  the  same. 

(ioNioBASl.-*  Kxni'lCHl  \V.     (Page.-.?.) 

Fig.  7.  Lateral  view  :  levolviiij;  lines  faint. 

Fio  H    Another  example ;  rovolviiiK  lines  ol.solet*.  ,jrf.„„* 

FIG.  '.)■.  Apieal  portnn  of  .mother  example;  revolving  l.nes  nnnsnally  distinct. 

(All  natural  size.) 


V.  B.  OEOIOatVAl  SUBVEY 


ASXVAi  iiEi'iiiir  ;w?  n.  7 


J 


BEAU  IMVKR  LAUAMIE. 


96 


NON-MABINE    FOSSIL    MOLLITSCA. 


PLATE  H.     BKAR  RIVKR  I-ARAMIE. 
ViVII'ARUS  COIT.SII  WliiH'.     (I'h;;i' (it.) 
FlO.    1.  Lateral  v<o\v  of  a  very  laiuf  <'xnmpl<',  niilnral  »'\7.e. 

RHYTOPIIORUS  PBI8CU8  Mci'U.      (?«(?»'•'•*•) 

LatiTiil  view,  natural  Ri/.c 

Opposite  view  of  tho  Haino.    Afttr  Mi»eU. 

RllYTOPHORUS   MREKII    W.      (PaRK^tS.) 

Lateral  view,  nntural  size. 
Opposite  view  of  a  larger  example. 

Campkloma  macrospira  M.    (Pngefia.) 


Fio. 

•i. 

Fio. 

X 

Fio. 

4. 

Fio. 

5. 

Fig. 

fi. 

Fig. 

7. 

Fio. 

8. 

Fig. 

9 

I'lO. 

in 

Fig. 

11 

Lateral  view,  natural  size. 
Opposite  view  of  the  same. 


Connicui-A  (Veloritina.)  dorkfkj  M.    (PaRBai.) 


Left  valve. 

Similar  viow  of  another  example. 

Dorsal  view  of  another  example. 

Front  view. 

(All  natural  size.) 


CORBULA  PYRIFORMIS  M.      (P»(Se  35.) 


Fio. 
Fio. 
Fig. 
Fio. 
Fig. 


Right  side  view. 
Dors.il  view  of  the  Bitnie. 
Front  view  of  th»*  same. 
Interior  view  of  a  right  valve. 
Interior  view  of  a  left  va'  ■'<. 
(All  natural  size.) 


r',  H.  OBoi.nGiCAL  firR\ny 


AXSCAl  HEPOHT  138$    ft,  8 


ii^. 


e^*/ 


BEAR  R  IVKR  LARAMIE. 


98 


NON-MARINK    K0.S8IL    MOLLIISCA. 


PLATK  .1.     I.AIJAMIK. 
OrtTHKA  (iLAliiiA  Mf.-k  &  lla.v.len.     (Pun*'  1.'>.1 
Vm   I,  Kxl.ii.iivi.woll.viM;  low.i  viilvr.    Al'tor  M«ek. 

Z.  I  Ks;;:;;;rv;::;':;r;!';;.:::  valve,  r...  „...  va.u,y  ort.. .......  P..t.e.  c„.or.,o. 

rio.  I.  liitriiiir  viow  i)f  tin'  muuo. 
(All  mil  III  III  xii!"-) 


{■.  .s.  (IKOI.iiiilCAr.  WfBI'BV 


/•.v.vc.n,  itrrmtT  /«?   /i  » 


LARAMIE. 


100 


NON-MAUINK    I'USHll.    MOLM'HCA. 


PLATE  in.    I.ARAMIK. 
Ortrea  oi.MiiiA  Mc<U  *  lIi.,v.lon.     (PnBC  \f>) 
r,o.  1.  Kxtorior  viow  ..f  »n  n,.,.--  vnlv...  tV..,n  M...  vall-.v  of  ,1.,.  S,.,.,h  riaHo,  rol»r»rto. 
l.'ir.    •'     Illlfl'idV  vii'W  (if  till'  sllMH'. 

l-I":  :T.  1.I.WI.,  valvi.  of  tl...  ..V,.-  of  tl...  vanity  O.  i„.ec;,ri.  Wh.te,  .x.-nor  v..w. 
Kia.  l.  Iiitrrior  viinv  of  tlii'  Haiiit). 
Kio!  ">.  Tyiii'  speciiupii  of  viirioty  O.aroualilit  Mcok. 
(All  natural  mzo.) 


('.  s.  iii:tii.iii;ii:ii.  •>.(  ;,'r;;r 


ANSr.ti.  nv.fiiitv  /\v/   ;•(.  in 


LARAMIE. 


U)2 


NON-MA  KIN  i:    lOSSII,    MOLIX'SCA. 


l-.ci.  1. 

I'Ki.  y. 
i-Ki.  ;i. 

Fig.  4. 


PLATK  11.     LARAMIE. 
OSTKKA  GLABRA  .M.<'U  &.  Hiv,v<len.     ( Fiige  15.) 
Kx,..rior  vi.vv  of  an  u,.,...r  v.lv.  of  the  variety  O.  ,oyomi„y.n.i.  M..-!;.  fro,.,  the 
valley  of  tli.-  South  I'latt.-,  Colorado. 

;S:;;::  •;:  of :!:.:::::;.«  of  the  „pper  va.ve  of  the  same  va^ety .  f..,..  Poin. 

of  Ko.Us,  jSi.ntlifiii  Wyoiuing. 
Interior  view  of  the  same. 
(All  uatural  size.) 


V.  &  QEOLOaiCAL  SVIiVET 


AtfNVAL  UEI'OHT  IHSl    PI.  II 


LARAMIE. 


104 


NON   M.VI.'INK    KOSSIL    MOLLU8CA. 


PLATE  12.     LARAMIE. 

OsTREA  oLAiiKA  M.ik  &   Uiivd.Mi.     (I'aseK..) 

FIO      1    Interior  view  ,,1  ...  .....ler  v:.lve  ol    tl.e   ^ari.•,.v  IK   W!,om,„Jc,„i,  Meek;   from 

I'oiiit  of  liucUs.  S....ll.er..  W.vo...i..>;.      Nat..v,-.l  s./.e. 

()srit..A  siinisiooxAi.is  Kva...  &  Sli..iimr.l.     yVntio  15.) 

I'lG       "     Kxlrlior  \  il'W    of  i.  lower  Villve. 

l-io'.    ;i'.   I.iterior  view  of  another  ex.....].!.-  of  ll.e  lower  valve. 
I'lli.     4.   Kxterior  view  of  iili  tipper  vulve. 
Fio.    :>.   li.lerior  view  of  \lu'  same. 
(All  Uiitiiial  size.) 

AXOMIA   MlCHOSr.MA    MeeU.     ( I'a^e  lli.^ 
Kl.;.    .;.   KNl.Ti..r  view  of  ;...   ..pi-er  valve,  sl,..wi,.j:  ra.lia. h.f;  li..es  of  o.-,ll..a.v  eha.- 


Il(i 


I'K 


;.eter. 
Similar  view  o 
eo..M|iii'l.o.i- 


r;M„ill.ere.\ai..l)le.  ll.e  lii.es  i.po.. 
tl.aii  lliey  appea.-  ..poi.  ll.e  ti^i.i 


,  liiili  a.e  vel\   line,  anil  le-.s 


s,   Siii.ilar  view  of  a.iotl.ef  es.....) 


ill'.  l.aviMy 


."ailiali..!.;  li.ies  i.ii.il.  ioai>ic 


il. 


I'k;.    '.I.    Interim-  view  of  a 


lar^e.  nearly  llat.  upper  va 


Ive,  Nliowini;  ll.e  loiii  n.ii 


tliaii 


liar 


.Mills,  anil  I  lie  proeess 


lieneatli  tile  I'laU 


I'lli.  III.   Similar  view 


.lam.lber  eNample.  sliowin;:  ilie  prore.ss  more  p 


laiiiU  ;   Imt  llie 


•ars  a.e  olilileraleil. 


I'lii.  11.    Interior  view, 


sliowiii';  tile   Mil 


ler  \ahe,  wi 


Ih  its  liyssal  \'li.K. 


.\11  i.at  1.1-1  1  »ize.> 


,\XOMIA    OltY 


I'liiiHiiYNi-iirs  M.     (I'asie  10.) 


KlO.  10.   Exterior  view  of  ii  lower  valve. 
KlH.  i:!.   Kimilar  view  of  two  oilier  valves 
l-'l(i.  II.   Lateral  view  of  Kiy;.  V-l- 


Kjo.  1.''.   Interior  \iew  of  an   upper 


alve,  sliowiiij 


ihe  miiseiilar  iuiirkiiin«  iimt    the 


Hiiiiill  process  lienealli  the  lieak. 
(All  natural  size.) 


V.  &  OEOLuuicAL  nniv::i' 


AXSTAL  llEPOltT  MM    H.  U 


106 


NON-MARINK    K088II-    M0LLU8CA 


PLATE  V.i.     I- A  RAMIE. 

VOI,8KU.A   (BUACIIYDONTKS)   RKOUI.AUIS   White.      (Pllge  17.) 

Fio.    1.  Uinlit,  vnlve,  natural  Mi/.">. 

VOLSKI.I,A   (BRA0IIYl>ONrE.S)    LAIIOOSTAIA   W.      (J'llgO  17.) 

FlO.    'i.  Rinlit  viilvf,  natural  size. 

Unio  PROAV1TU8  W.     (rago27.) 


Fid. 
Fio. 

I'lG. 

Fio. 


Fio. 
Fio. 
Fio. 
Fio. 


Left  valve,  exterior  vi<'\v. 
,'^iniilar  view  of  rij^lit  valve. 
Front  view  of  another  example. 
Interior  view  of  a  left  valve. 
(All  natural  size.) 


Unio  ooIAjnotus  W.    (Page  87.) 


N< 


lu. 


Right  side  view. 

Front  view  of  another  example. 

LeCl  side  vii'W  of  young  example. 

Dorsul  view  of  the  same. 

^AII  uuturul  aue.) 


7.  S.  tlEOLOOtCAL  SURyEY 


LARAMIE. 


108 


NON-MAKiNK    K08S1L   MOLLUSUA. 


I'LATE  14.     LAKAMIE. 

Unmo  PiilsciM  iMick  &  llaydon.     (Page  26.) 
Fl«T.  1.  Copy  of  Ihf  oriniiml  tifjiir.'  «(  Meek  &  Hnyilcii. 

Vsm  sriisi'Airi.ATUs  Meek.    (Pugoao.) 


I'lo.  :i. 


Fig.  4. 
Kio.  .'■>, 


l"io.  I). 
l-'iG.  T. 


Left  Ni<lf  view. 

Dorsal  view  of  the  MUiiie.     After  Meek. 


llNIi)  IMII.M.KVI.S  Wliite.     (I'ajjeaO.) 

Kxterior  view  of  a  small  left  valve. 
Interior  view  of  a  laiKi- rijilit  v;ilve. 
(both  natural  ni/e.) 

I'MK  cHVi-roKiiYNCHfs  W.     (Page_25.) 

Kxteriiir  view  of  an  iniperfeet  rishl  valve. 

Interior  view  of  a  fragnieut  of  u  left  valve,  showing  the  cuvity  beUiml  the 
cardiuul  plate. 


R  8.  OEOLOaiCAl  SUKVEY 


ANjrVAL  BEPOBT  mi    «.  n 


LARAMIE 


hi^Ji^h^  t^.ayliU4i . 


110 


NON-MARINK    FOSSIL    MOLLUHCA. 


PLATK  ir..     LARAMIE. 

UNIO   KNDUCHI  Wllill'.      (  Pago  !j«.  ) 

Flo,  1.  Right  valvp  of  n  liirjjc  <4\iiiii|>lf,  i-xhThir  vii-vv. 
Kio.  2.  Iiitorior  vit>w  of  ii  miiiilli'i'  Irfl  viilvi-. 
(Both  iintiirtil  si/.c) 

U.Nio  PiiDiMiKTiors  \V.     (Page  27. 1 

Fio.  It.   Kxli'iior  view  of  ii  h-fl  valv.     Naliiial  Mw. 

LNio  ALUKICHI  W.     (Page  27.) 
Flo.  4.   Left  side  view. 

Fin.  it.  Doraal  view  of  the  Hame.    Natural  itize. 


ANNCAl,  HF.rOHT  ISS$    PI.  li 


LARAMIE. 


A'Lt.-x/j^UC^<\l   . 


112 


NON-MAiUNi;    I'OSMIL    Mi  l-M:8t.'A. 


PLATK.  m.     I-ARAMIK. 

T^NMo  ciirKsii  Wliitr.     ( I'ngo  •2t). ) 

FlO.  1.  Kxtrnor  viow  of  ii  li'l't  v.ihr.     Xnlunil  si/.r. 

Tnui  iini.MKsi.wis  \V.     (Phki' i!7.) 

Via.  -i.  Left  «lili'  view  nf  iiii  iiilnlt  cxiiiiiiili'. 
KlO.  ".!.   DoiKnl  vifw  of  tlii' miiiiii'. 
I'Ki.  I.   L<'f(  si.li'  vii'W  iif  i|  ymiiijj  cxmiipU'. 
l"l(i.  .">.  Knmt  view  of  tlit-  smiii>. 
Kl(i.  (i.   Pimtcrior  vii'W  of  llu'  wnno. 
(All  imtiiiiil  si/«. ) 

Hxio  nRACiiYOPisTiirs  W.    (Pngo-iT.) 

Fio.  7.  Right  side  view  nf  an  oxiiinpln  iii>t  fully  ndnlt. 
KlO.  S.  Front  view  of  tlio  Hani«,    Natural  «ize. 


V.  B.  QEOLOntrAl  SVRVEY 


AKNl'Al,  BSPCRT  IKt    PI.  It 


^  /  <l^U/ 


T.ABAVfli:. 


^"W 


114 


NON-MAKINK    I'DSSII,    M0LLU8CA. 


ij£j^-^'^' 


fMJr-!/" 


LM'-  ^ 


C) 


J 


fPu  ♦ 


j^M.^'p'i 


'^d^L  ^' 


PLATE  17.    LARAMIE. 

tJNio  DAN/i:  MicU  A  lliiydon.     (Po^eiJS.) 

FlO.    \.  Left  hIiIc  view. 

Fio.    2.  DiirHal  vitnv  of  tlit<  muiiR  i'Mitii|>li>. 

FlO.    'J.  Ri){lit  .HUlu  view  of  tiiiolliiT  cxiiniiilc.     Aftrr  Mi-fk. 

UNIO  DEWEYANUH  M.  4$:  H.      (I'llJoSS.) 

Fia.    4.  Luft  hUIo  vlnw. 

FlO.    T).  Interior  viiiw  of  the  buiiu-.     .Vftfi-  .Niculi. 

COUllICULA  OCCIDKNTAMS   .M.  &  H.      (Pa){»i3L) 

KlO.    (!.  Left  niile  view  of  tlli'  tyiic  of  (\  huiiiiiiiliii  Mfclt. 
Fio.    7.  Dorsal  view  of  llic  Htiiiic;  iiiitnriil  nI/c. 

(For  other  (IgureM  of  ('.  oivUI(iiliiHn.  mm-  I'liili'  XXIII.) 

8riiA;nir.M  i-i.am-.m  M.  &  II.    (I'liue  :i;i.) 

FlQ.    8.  Exterior   view  of  a  left    valvr  ami   outline  of  a  ilorNal   view  of  the  Niune; 
uatiinil  size.     Alhr  Meek. 

SpuAJiii'.M  iti;rricAiii>iNALK  M.  &.  II.    (I'ane;);). ) 

Fig.    it.  Exterior  view  of  a  left    valve  ami   outline  of  a  ilorsal    view  of  the   «aiiie; 
iintiiral  si/e.     .Vfti'r  .Mi'ek. 

iSi'ii.EiiiL'M  sunia.i.ii'Ticf.M  M.  4"t  II.    (I'ane  :t;t.) 

FlO.  10.   Exterior  view  of  lln'  Ict'l   valve,  natural  size,  to^jrtlier  witli  llie  Name  iniioli 
enlar^ieil.     After  MeiU. 

M'll.i;i!ifM  I'uioKisfM  M   iV  II.     I  l'ai;e  HH.) 

FlO.  It.  r.xterior  view  o(  tlic  liiilit  siile,  naliiial  size,  tofjetln-r  with  side  nnd  dnnal 
views  of  tin'  HUino  niueli  eiilarj^uil.     After  Meuk. 


•^" 


V,  B,  asoLoatcM,  nvnvF.Y 


AXSV4L  ncFouT  t$u  H,  a 


IfBH 


116 


NON-MABINE    FOSSIL    M0LLU8CA, 


FlO. 
Fig. 


Fio. 
Fig. 
Fig. 


Fig. 

(). 

Fig. 

7. 

Fig. 

c. 

Fig. 

9. 

Fig. 

10. 

Fig. 

11. 

Fig. 

12 

Fig. 

1:5 

Fig. 

U 

Fig 

1.-. 

PLATK  If".     I,.\RAMIE. 
Unio  dana;  Mi-i-kiS:  lliiyd-ii?     (Pii},"^ --J?-) 

t.  Exterior  vi.nv  of  the  ri-ht  valv '  an  .xan.ple  Iro...  .Mark  Hnttrs  Station, 

Soiithftni  Wyoniiiifi. 
2.  Interior  view  of  a  left  valv  Iron,  tlie  sanl.^  loea)it,v. 
(Both  natural  size.) 

I'NIO  MKNDAS  Wiiite.     (PaKe27.) 

« 
;t.  Fxterior  view  of  a  ti't'l  valve;  adnlt. 
4.  Similar  view  of  a  snniUer  rij;lit  valve. 
,">.  Interior  view  of  )iart  of  a  riftlit  valve. 

(All  from  the  Caf.on  of  Desolation,  Utah;  an<l  all  natural  size.) 

('ouiu;i..v  rNlMKKRA  Meek.     (l'af;e;l(i.) 

Righl  Nirte  view  of  an  adnlt  exmnple. 
Dorsal  view  of  the  same. 
Left  side  view  of  a  sinall«r  exan.ple. 
Front  vii'W  of  the  same. 

CORDUI.A    tJSDIFF.I'.A   Viir.  Sl'BtTNDIFERA   W.     (PapO  36.) 

L»  ft  hide  view  of  the  type  specimen. 
Dorsal  view  of  the  same,  natnral  size. 

(•oitiit'i.A  MACTRiFOUMia  M.  &  H.     (Page  3fi.) 

F.xterior  view,  left  valve. 
Interior  view  of  the  .same. 
Dorsal  view  of  the  same. 

Interior  view  of  the  ripht  valve  of  another  example 
(All  natural  size,  and  all  after  Meek.) 


r.  s.  ni:iii.iii;ii:ii,  .•<n!yi:r 


i.v.vf.i/,  hv.viiht  iii.'  ri.  w 


LARAMIE. 


^9P 


ii« 


NON-MAKiNK    lUSSll.    >l()I.Iii:SCA. 


Fig. 

KlG. 


rio. 
Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 


PL.VTK  iO.     LAR.\MIE. 

I'Nio  sKsixrrs  White    (Pnjit'  26.) 

Extoiior  view  ol'  a  pDrtioii  of  :i  rif?lit  valve. 
Iiiti'iior  viow  of  ii  iiortinii  nf  n  U-(t  valve. 
(Both  uatiinil  si/.o.) 

I'NIO  GOMAMIIONATUS  W.      (Pa^e'*7.) 

Lrl't  sulf  view,  iiiilnral  size. 
Dorsal  view  of  tlu'  saiin-. 

(Hc.tli  linmcs  aiv  i)artial  lestoratioiis,  tli.'  t.vp.'  spcoiiiK-n  li.'iviug  l..'i-ii  dw- 
torteil  liy  coiiiinvssioii. ) 

Anodonta  I'AitAi.i.KLA  \V.     (Pane  a:!.) 

Left  side  view,  icstoml  tVom  tVaj,MmMits  ;  natniul  size. 

Anodonta  puoi'atokis  \V.    ( Paf{<' •J^t- ) 


Fig. 

10. 

Fig. 

It). 

Fig. 

17. 

Fig. 

\:> 

Fig 

11 

Fig 

11 

Fit; 

i-^ 

Fio 

13 

L.tt  sidf  vii-w  ol'  an  iiit.Tiial  cast  of  laiK<'  example. 

Itifjht  side  view  of  a  similar  cast  of  a  larger  example. 

Dorsal  view  of  I  lie  same. 

Frasiiieiit  sliowiug  the  edentulous  hinge. 

(All  natural  size.) 

CollBL-LA  SUBTIUGOXALIS  Meek  At  lla.vdeu.     (PageUC.) 

,   Exteriov  \i<\v  of  a  left  valve,  natural  size.     .MlerMeeli. 

,  Exterior  view  of  left  valve  of  I  lie  variety  ''.  i„nimtiila  Meek. 

.  Similar  view  of  another  left  valve  of  the  .same  vari.'ty. 

(Both  natural  size,  ami  hotli  afU'r  Meek.) 
.  Right  side  vicn-  of  the  variety  C  tn>i,iiloi,h,n<,  .Meek,  natural  size. 
.  Right  side  view  of  the  variety  r.  rnixxnlcllifnniiix  Meek,  natural  size. 
.  Left  side  view  of  an  .'xample  Inmi  Crow  fivck,  Colorado;  natural  size. 
.  Dorsal  view  of  I  he  same. 
;.  Left  side  view  of  auother  example  from  the  same  locality. 


*/KUU 


^B^ 


V.  8.  GEOLOdlCAL  SVItVEY 


AK\r.ii.  HKVoiiT  ims  c1.  19 


LAUAMIG. 


120 


NON-MAKhNE    K«)8S1L    X10LLU8CA 


PLATE  SO.     LAKAMIE. 

CdiiBlctii.A  (Lkpti-.sthks)  KRACTA  Meek.     (Paj,'e33.) 

lui.  1.  ('(>|i.v  t>r  Mr.  Meok's  iiiisriiiiil  liK'irt'. 

l-'ui.  -i.  Lfft  .sidi'  viiw  ill'  ii  riiliiist  cxaiiipl.'. 

I'lii.  :t.   Oiiisiil  view  of  lUe  siime. 

FUi.  1.   I'i'I'l  side  view  (if  a  yoiiu-;  exiiiii|ile. 

l"l(j.  ."i.   Dorsiil  vii-w  111' tlie  same. 

KlU.  t'l.    Leit  >i(le  view  (if  ii  more  eloii{,'ate,  jiartially  eriished  exam|ile. 
(.\.ll  natural  .size.) 


COIUUCUI-A  ci.KUlltNI   Wliile.     (Puge;il.) 


Km.     T     I.eft  side  view 


iif  an  adult  exam|ile. 


Tiii.    ■<.   Kinlil  side  view  iif  a  smaller  examiile. 
I'lii.    1>.    liileiior  view  of  the  same. 


Ml  natiiial 


.) 


CultltlfflA 


I'llKM.IPTIl'A    Meek  A    llavdell.       (Puije  :ll.) 


Km.  1(1    ICxteiiiir  view 


ii"Jit  vahi 


iliiral  si/.e. 


I'm.  U.   Interior  view  of  the  sani 


CdltllK  UI.A    XKIlliASIKNSIS    M.  A    II.       (I'une 

Km.  I'J.    Kxterior  of  a  left  valve;  natural  si/e. 
Km.  l:i.    Interior  view  of  the  same. 

IMSIDII'M    SAOIXATIJM    \V.      ( I'ajje '.54.) 

Km.  14.   Luteriil  vit'W,  enlaif^ed. 
Km.  1">.   Krout  view  of  the  aaiue. 


;n.) 


V.  s.  OEOLonrcAi.  arnvEr 


ANXUAL  REPORT  tSSt    PL  tO 


LMi&. 


ri  CL'MCij, 


0  /  / 


LARAMIE. 


122 


NON-MABINE    FOSSIL    MOLUI8CA. 


PLATK  '21.    LARAMIE. 
CoBBicui.A  BEitTHOui)!  Wliito.    (Page  32.) 

Fig.    1.  Left  vivlvo  olii  l:nf;e  .•x.niipli-,  exterior  view. 
I'm.    'i.  Doisiil  view  of  another  exiiiiiple. 
Fig.    ;J.  Inte-ior  view  of  a  left  viilve. 
(All  natural  size  ) 

CORBICULA  ATJOHEYI  W.     (Page  38.) 

Fig.    4.  Exterior  view  of  a  right  valve. 
Fig.    5.  Interior  view  of  the  siiiiie. 
Fig.    6.  Dorsal  view  of  another  example. 
(All  natnral  size.) 

CoisnictiLA  u.MBONELLA  Meek.    (Page  32.) 


Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 
Fig. 


Fig. 
Fig, 
Fig, 
Fig 


7.  Exterior  view  of  a  left  valve. 

8.  Interior  view  of  the  same. 

'J.  Dorsal  view  of  aiioMier  example. 
10.  Front  view  of  the  same. 


CORBICUI-A   (LEPTESrilKS)  JtACUOPlSTHA   W.      (Poge  31.) 


11.  Left  side  view  of  an  adult  example. 

12.  Dorsal  view  of  the  same. 

l:t.  Left  side  view  of  aiu)tlier  example. 
14.  Interior  view  of  a  left  valve 


V.  &  oeoioatcfL  bvkvet 


ANNUAL  BEPORT  t88t    PL  It 


124 


MUN-MAKXiNK    KOtitilL    MULLUHUA. 


Via. 
Vm. 

ric. 

Fiii. 

l-Kl. 

Kit). 


I'm. 

KKi. 


I'Ui. 

III 

I'm. 

II 

I'm. 

l-J 

I'l.i. 

1:1 

Kui 

II 

KlG 

!.-> 

PLATE  22.     LARAMIE. 

C'oRUlfiM.A  CYTiiKiiiroUMis  Mci'k  &  Ua.vileii.     (Page  31.) 

Left  slilr  viiw  of  n  liiini'  cMiiiiiiU-. 

Hifflit  sidr  view  iif  :i  sni.ill  i'Xiiiiil>lr. 

(Bnlh  iil'tiT  Mnk.) 

I.'inlil  side  vli'W  III'  an  rxaiiiiilc  IVimi  .SimtliiTii  Wyimiing. 

Ddisal  view  of  llic  saim-. 

Iliiifi''  V  ii'w  (if  left  valvi';  1111111  saiiii-  liicalliy. 

Siiiiilai-  vii'W  111'  rifjlit  valve:  I'roiii  saiiic  Imallly. 

(All  iiahiral  sizf.l 

CoKltK  TI.A    (I.KIM...-  llll-.S)   I'L.V.M  MIIONA    M.ilt.      (Page  31.) 

I.'iylil  fiiili'  vii'W  111'  ail  ailiill  r\aiii|iK-. 
Dorsal  virw  of  llir  n.iiih'. 
Lift  Huli'  vifw  of  a  liirjic  r\aiii|ili'. 
(All  iiatiiial  sizr."l 

(■iiHiiicrr.A  (I.KiTKsmr.s^  cauiuxiici-iiiimis  While.     (Poge31.) 

,   Left  >iilr  vii'w  of  a  laiKc  r\aiii|ilr. 

Dolsal  vii'W  of  lllr  »;llllr. 
,   I'.Miiior  virw  of  a  lislil  valvr  of  a  .-.iialUi- rxamplf. 
.   liili'i'ior  vii'w  of  till'  .saiur. 
.   Dorsal  vii'W  of  aiiotlu'r  I'xaiiiplr. 
,   i:.\t('ii«r  vii-w  of  a  li-fl  valvi-,  less  traimvemnly  ulougiite  than  usual. 

(All  natural  Hize.) 


V.  s.  OFoi.onirM,  si-Rvrr 


ANATAt.  itF-i'dnr  /^^.'   VI  a 


'2        ^    ' 

US  -r  ■    ■■••'  * 


•'.    /'.  i-v' 


■Vi 


NOX-MAKINK    rOSSIl,    MOI  l.rs(  A. 


Fio.    I. 


IM.ATK  -rx     I.AKAMIK. 
Connun.A  ocfinKNrAi.is  MnU  A  lliiviliii.    (PaRfSl) 
Kxl.'.inr  vj.w  of  111.'  riiflil  viilv..  oC  iiii  rxiitii|il.'  t'roni  Yiimpiv  Riv«'r,  Nnrtli- 

wi'stcni  ('olonidi". 
IiiIitIiiI'  view  III"  till'  Miini'. 

Di.iMil  \ii«  ol  ilir  Mini.';  111.' Irft  viilv.' ivstoml  ill  synimctry  with  tho  right 
Lrll  sill.'  \ir\v  ..!■  an  I'xaiiii.l.^  iVoin  111.'  Nimin  locality  of  less  proportionate 

li.'i^lil  lliiiii  iisiiiil. 
Kiirsiil  view  iif  llu'  Hiiiiii'. 
('ci|iy  i>f  .nil'  .>!"  Mr.  Mi'i'U'h  i>ii«iiml  tl«iiri)N. 
(All  iminriil  si/..-.  * 

('((iiiiicULA  iiiiKSA  Wliitn.    (Page  31.) 

I'.xli  ri.ii  vicH,  I'ifilit  siilo. 
DdisiiI  vii'W  of  the  Naiiu'. 
Friiiil  view  .>f  llii'  »aiin>. 
Dorsiil  vi.'w  of  anoth.'r  cxiimplo. 
Inl.'iior  \ivw  of  ii  left  viilv«. 
(All  imturiil  si/..',) 

Neiutixa  voi.viuneata  W.    (Pago  52.) 

Liitt'iiil  vit^w,  I'lilai'KtMl, 
Opposilc  vi.'W  of  llu'  siiiiii!. 

NK.rUTiSA  imiiNEKi  \V.    (Pago  Si.) 
Lal.'iivl  vii'w,  natural  sizi';  showing  .'ol.ir-iiiarkiugs. 
,  Opiiosilc  vii'W  <if  till-  sanu'. 

Nkuiiina  O'-'-^r'-'^i-'^)  "Ai'TittTA  W.     (I'ago.Vi.) 
DoiMil  vi.'W   of  lliu  lyp.'  «iH'i'iiiii-ii  from  Wyoming,  sln.wiiig  111.'  .olor- mark- 

iiig.--:  iiiliii-gi.l. 
I.al.'ial  view  of  111.'  -am.'. 
Dorwil  vi.'W  of  an  .'xaiii|il.'  from  Northeiistorii  Colorado,  showing  th.s  color- 

maiUings;  .iilargctl. 
Lati  ral  view  of  I  In'  sauie. 
Inforior  view  .if  tho  »am.'. 

MicLAXoi'Sis  amekicana  W.     (Page  55.) 

I^atfiiil  vi.'W,  .nlargeil. 

0|)iii»ii.'  \i.'W  iif  111.'  sail..',  sliowiiig  ap.rliii-.'  anil  In-.di.'n  outer  lip. 
Similar  vi.w  of  ili.'  |ir..xiiiial   portion  of  Ih.-  >am.'   in.ir.'  .'ulargiil,  Mh.'wiiig 
lalln^i  .if  inii.r  lip  ami  canal. 
Li,MN.T..v  .  ri.i;imii.i.M.v.KA)  rEMiK-.isTAiA  M.  &  II.     (Pago  :ty.) 
l'"iu.  !i4.  I-atiial  vi.'W  .  natural  fl/.r  and  enlarg.il.     After  .\le.di. 

('ASSKll'KM.A    TUllltIC'OI.A    W.      (Pag.' ii".  ) 

I'l.i.  2r>.   Lateral  vi.w  .if  I  hi'  ivp.'  sp.'eim.-n;  tho  i>roxiiual  V.diitioima  liltlo  lirimdcned 

liv  eiiiiipi'i's.sioii. 
Klii.  •JO.  .Similar  view  of  aiioth.'r  exainplo. 
l'"lo.  y*.  Similar  \  i.'W  of  a  siiiallor  examplo. 
Fig.  •>.  l.iiii'ial  view  of  annlh.r  examplo  showing  tlio  iimhilicns,  and  appioxiiimtely 

the  oiilliiii'  of  the  api-rlnr.'. 
FlO.  "iU.   Iiifori.ir  view  ..f  a  liasal  fraguiont  of  anothor  oxamplo  showing  tho  umijilloun. 


Kid. 
Flii. 
Fiii. 

Fill. 
Fio. 


Fl.i. 
Klii. 
Flii. 
Fio. 
Fill. 


rill. 
Fiti. 


Fill 
Fill 


Flii.  ll) 


Fill 
liii. 

I'Ui. 

Fio. 


Fir.. 
Fill. 
Flii, 


•vM 


■■■■■■■■I 


V.  s.  liF.oi.odiiM,  sviivv.y 


AXSVAL  UEFOItT  IMt    PI.  tS 


LARAMIE. 


128 


NON-MA liINK    K08H1I,    M(;IJ.i;.S(A. 


PLATE  •.'«.     I.AHAMTE. 
Vivii-Aiir>  iiivii'Hrs  Mci'K  A  lliuilcn.     PagnOl.) 

FlO.      1.    Lllli'lul  vii"   (if  MM  ii'lllll  i'\;im|ilr. 
I''l(l.    ','.   Siiiiilnr  \  icu  ul  imni  liiTr\;iiii|ili'. 
I'"I0.    ;i.   I. all  Till  viiv\  111  Miiiii  liii  r>,iiiii|p|i',  slmw  iiii;  upi'i'liiri'. 
(All  iMliii':il  "i.'i'.  < 

SiMI'Alith   (DMiAlH    M.  A    II.       irilKl'tU.) 

Kin.     I.   l.atiTiil  virw  1111111  iuliill  r\aiii|il«'. 

KUi.     ''.   OpiHiHJtr  virw  III' fill'  siiiiii'. 

I'°i(>.    li.  Aiiiilhrr  rxaiii|ili',  iMiii'i' tliiiii  iisiiiilly  i'liiii)inl''- 

Vivii'Aiiu.s  i.KiPVi  .M.  A  II.     (l*n«i>iit.) 

I'lo.     7.   Ijiiti>riil  vii'W  111' till-  Ivjir  Hliniiiirii.     At'liT  Mri'k. 

ViviPAlif.s  I.KIDVI  var.  KditMosiH  M.  At  II.     (Pap' HI.) 

I'lfi.    >*,   Lntrnil  vii'W  ofllw  l.viir  spi'iiini'ii. 

Kin.    !•.  Op|inHiir  virw  111' till- saiiii'.     At'ti'v  MitU. 

ViviiiAiii's  THiM'iiiKOK.Mis  M.  Ar  II.     (Pn);i>til.) 

Kios.  10,11, 1-J,  i:<,  1  I.  l.'i,  mill  Hi.   1. atrial  virw.-ml' liilVi  rnil  rxaiiipli'x;  all  iiatiiial  si7«. 

Ttil.ciTOMA  TlloMl'SdM  Wliilt'.     d'ani'ilH 

Kios.  17,  18,  10, 20,  mid 'Jl.  LatiTal  viiwsof  (litl'cifiit  ('xiiMiplcs,  slinwinn  llir  nninmcn- 
tntion  111'  thr  lir.st  to  lie  nearly  liUi'  lliat  iil'  ('.  Irmhifuriiiin.  iiiiil  llir  inrrras- 
iiij,' .-ii/i'  iil'llir  nmlrM  towaiils  tlir  lii),'lii'r  nmnliiTu  ;  all  nl' iiiiliiral  .sizr,  ami 
all  rriHii  Noiihiiii  ( 'nlnniilo,  cast  (if  tin'  Wmkv  MiiiinlaiiiN. 

KlG.  i'i.  Lateral  view  nl'  an  example  I'riim  .Smitlierii  \Vyiiiiiin){,  we.st  ot"  tlm  Rocky 
MoiintuiiiH, 

VlVIPAlttTS  PKCULIARIS  M.  A-    H.      (Pi.s,.jfil.) 

Flo.  'i'<i.  Lateral  view-  ut'  the  type  Npeeimeii  iil  .Meek  &■  IIa,vdeD. 
FlO.  'M.  Opposite  view  ol'  the  same,  iiatnriil  si/e. 

Vivii'Ai{t;s  i'i,icAPHK8.'*u.s  W.     (Page 61.) 

Fio.  25.   Lateral  view,  natural  size. 

Kio.  20.  Similar  view  of  another  pxaiiiple. 

ACHOI.OXfS  MIXtTTUS  M.    &  H. 

Fig.  27.  Apieal  view,  mai;uilie(l  to  four  diameiera. 


K 


I 


»miirrn    •? 


I 


V.  -  nrnr.nnwAr.  DfRvgr 


V'  '^^[iv-'-^" 


ANSVAL  HEPOBT  lUt    PI.  U 


/(/y''iij^-j^> 


20.  ^^'   21. 

LARAMIE. 


130 


NON   MAUINi;    I'OSSII,    MOM.ISCA. 


I'l-.VJ'K  '.>.-..     I.AKAMIK. 
I'livsA  ciU'Ki   Wliili'.     (Piitco.14.) 

1''1U.     1.   Lutcial  view,  liiilunil  sizr. 
Flo.    '-i.  Opposite  view  oC  llic  saiiic 

HiivsA  IKI.IX   W.     (Page  1 1.) 

KlG.    :!.   Latfial  iiow  of  an  impiTri'cl  cxaiiipli'.  natural  nize. 

Uti.iNf.s  i)i.s.iuNCTi;»  W.    (Paj;c4r>.) 

I'lii.    4.  Latoral  view,  natural  «!/.<■. 
l'"l(i.    5.  Opposite  view  of  the  sanu'. 

IJUI.INLS  ATAVUS  W.     (Page  44.) 

I'lii.    <).   Lateral  view,  natural  size. 
Kid.    7.  Opposite  view  of  tlu' same. 

lifLlxrs  i.u.NolN.'SCUl.l-.s  Meek  iV  Ila.vden.     (Paj;e4.'>.j 

l'"l(i.    8.  Two  lateral  views  of  the  same  example,  ualnralsi/.e.     After  Moek. 

IJULINUS  I!'    iMiioiuia.s  M.  V*-  II.     (,  Pajje  l.'i. ) 

l-'ic.    ',).   Lateral  view,  natural  size.     .Vfter  Meek. 

lifl.INfs  .suiiKLOxiiATl'S  M.  A  II.     (Paf;e44.) 

I'l''..  Ul.   Lateral  view,  natural  si/.i'. 

Kit!.  IL  Opposite  view  of  the  same,      \fter  Meek. 

UlM.lX  KANAHK.NSIS  W.     (l'a},'e  IH.) 

I'Ki  Vi.  Lateral  view  of  an  internal  cast  of  the  last  volutions,  showing;  tho (jrooves  loft 

h\  the  internal  ridges  near  the  aperture;  natural  size. 
KiCi.  i;(.   Tpjier  view  of  the  same. 
Kl(i.  14.   Under  vit'W  of  the  same. 

Coi.fMNA   ii:i!i;s  M.  iV  II.     (Paj;e  48.) 

Ki(i.  l.'i.   Lateral  view,  natural  si/e,anil  eulai^ed.     After  M"ek. 

CoiA'MX/.  \l-,l!Mlltl,A  >L  A   ]|       (l'ase4H.) 

1"lo.  IG.   Lateral  view,  natural  size,  aixl  eular^ed.     After  Meek. 

Vivii'Aiils  i'i!i'i>i:xnL'.s  W.    (I'agetil.J 

Kid.  17.   Lateral  vi;W,  natural  size. 
Kid.  1^,   Opposite  vii'W  of  tlu' same. 

Vivu'Aiiis  I'A.Ndi'irciii-.Nsis  \V.     (PafjotiL) 

Kid.  I'.l.   Lateral  vif  iv  of  an  internal  east. 

"Id.  5!0.  Opposite  view  of  anollier  example,  showii  ,.;  a  part  of  the  surface  markings. 
I'.o.  )iU  Lateral  \iew  of  another  example,  showing  a  portion  ol'  the  natural  mirface 
of  the  shell. 
(Ai"  iiaMiral  size.) 

VlVIPAIlUS   IlKYNOLDSIANUS   M.  &  H.      (PttgU  CL) 

KiG.  2-i.  Lateral  view    natural  sizi'. 

Fig.  2'X  Opposite  view  ef  the  sami!  example. 

TlIAUMASTlTS  UMN    ii'oii.Mis  M.  &  IL     (Page  48.) 

Fig.  24.  Aperturul  and  opposite  views  of  an  exaiuph'  not  <niite  nduU;  natural  size. 


-«._  ,_- 


U.S.  GEOLOait.AL  «[7il'i'y     -- 


A  UNVAL  REPORT  1S8S    PI.  SS 


LAKAMIE. 


132 


NON-MAUINI':    I'OSSII.    MOLUCCA. 


n\\;\y  vlcu  nl'  aiinlln'i- i\miii|iU'. 
I'u;.    :!.  Siiiiiliii  vji'u  (if  llic  ilislal  vDliilimis,  >,|i(i\vjni;  ilmv  of  thoapii'iil  i«irlioii  to 

111'  dl'Slitlltc-  111    Nllilll-.. 


I'LAIi;  -Jd.     LA  RAM  IK. 
Mklani.v  \vviimim;i:nsis  Mii'U.     i  I'iiKi' ''■*.) 

1''I0.     1.   Ij.'ilrral  vii-w.  ^Iiiiwiiin  (111    iiullnii-  nl'  ilii^  niilrr'  li|i. 

t 
KlO.     -.   .Siiiiilui- vic'U  111  aiiiilln-i- <\.-iiii|iU'. 

-•ill"' '■  •'■■  •'■ '  •■■'■■•'■ 

I 

.Mi:i.a::ia  i.sscfi.i'iA  M.     (I'.ij,'"' ■'>•'•) 
I'm.     1.   Fni^mcii'  nl'  an  ailull  ixamiilr. 
Kl(i.    ."i.   l-"ni;;iiiriii  of  a  sinallrr  I'xaiiiiilo. 

ilSolli  natural  si/r.  ami  liotli  from  Noi-i  lifanti-ni  Colorailo.) 
(ioMoiiASis  i(i\vi;XA  Milk  &  llaydcii.     (,l^a}:i' "w.) 

l"i(i.    ti.  Lalrral  \  ic'W,  iiatuial  size 

I'lii.    7.  dpiiositL'  view  of  the  saiiu-  i-\aiii|>l<-. 

(^OXlOliASIS  co.NVl'.XA   vav.  IMl'Itl-.SSA   M.  X   11.      (I'ajiof)?.) 

KlU.     ■'.   Latuial  vjrw.        ''ual  .si/i-. 

Kl(i.    '.I.  0|)i>o»itc  vic\    •      iln  saiiii- <xami)U:. 

(ioNltillAsis  .'  (iMll  I'A  .M.  &  11.     i,l'a;;f  ."i7.) 
FUi.  HI    .Vpi-i-liiral  and  o|i]insitr  %  ii'W-;:   iialiiial  >i/r.      Afli'r  Mn-U. 

(ioXIDIIA.SIS    ll.MlCAlil.N.VlA    M.  A    11.      (  I'mi;'    ."'T. )  ^  m     / 

I'm.  U.   .\|iciliiial  and  oiiiiiiMli-  view.-,;   iialiiral  M/c.     ^'^(  "■•'*-^>  '  "^     '■  -^ 

(iOXIoUA.sls  (iUAcri.lc.viA   .\1.     (,1'a^i- ■■><.) 

I'Ki.  \i.  Apcrtiial  and  opposite  virus  of  Mr.  MitIvV  Ivpc  ^| iiiiuii. 

I'lc,  i;i.   Lali'ial  view  of  an  rxanipir  iVoin  Ci'ow  Cici'lc,  Coloiado. 
(liotli  natnial  sizo.) 

Ll.MN.liA  .' co.Mi'ACili.is  ^^     ( Pa^i' ;i'.». ) 
I'lii.  1 1.   .ViM-rtnial  and  oppnsitr  virus  of  Mr.  M.iU's  type  spcritni'M,  natnial  nizo. 
(ioNioiiASis  M;i!i;ASLi:.Nf?is  M.  &  II.     (.I'^'W  •"'*  ^ 

I'lG.  l.'i.   K.itiiiil  viiiw,  natural  sizr. 

I'lii.  Hi.  Oppiisilc  vii'W  of  llir  sanii'  fxanipli-. 

(;()Miii'..\sis  iNVi.xi'sr.v  M.  iV  11.     I  I'a^ii' .'iT.') 
I'ici.  17.    hiitfial  view  of  thr  tvpr  spfriinm  of  Mrck  A  llaydrn,  niituval  sizo. 

(JoNluliAsis  sriii,.i:vis  M.  A   11..     ( I'aj;!' ■'iT.') 
Tig.  If*,   l.atrral  virw  of  llic  lypr  spciinim  of  .Mrrk  A-   llaydiii,  natnial  siziv 

CKIitTlIlDf.A  .'  Sf.lllIASClCNSlS   M.  A    11.      (  Taffi' ■'>''• ) 
I'Ki.  10.  Apcrtnral  ami  opiiosilc  views  of  the  type  spcninin  of  Mrck   A-   llaydcii, 
laif,'i(l.     Aflt'i-  Mick. 

MiciSdi'Yiniis  MiM  rri.iH  M.  A  II.     (  Pane  .V,i. ) 
I'm.   •JI1.  Apcrlnial  and  opposite   \ii'\vs  of  tlic  type  s]icciincn   of   Meek   <Sr    Iliiyilon, 
enlarged. 

(.'AMl'i:l,OJlA    I'llOUfCTA  Wliilc.     ( I'a;ie  ('.ll. ) 

iKi.  -Jl.  I.ati'ral  view  of  an  I'lon^ate  ■•xaiii|ile.  unaided  as  llie  typn. 

I'ui.  'J','.  Oppcwiti'  view  of  the  same. 

Kid.  -iW.  Lateral  view  of  a  more  lolnisl  cxanipli-. 

I'Ki.  'X\.  Opposite  view  of  tile  same. 


011- 


I  Ki.  «•!.  Opposite  view  oi  tile  same. 

1"K!.  -I'u   Lateral  view  of  a  sulicariiiale  v.iriely. 

KKi.  •Jli.  Siniilar  view  of  luiotlier  example  of  the  same  variety. 

Fki.  '11.  Similar  view  of  another  example  of  tlio  miiun  varioty. 


(All  imtiirul  aizo.) 


7 


jv,  tpi,.  0ut4:j. 


U.S.  (lEuLumc.M.  HI  in  i:y 


CA^'' 


\.\.\i  II,  ui.riiitr  issj   i'i.:i: 

i 


1        J    ) 


i 


S^.^^'Jj-a^n^  O-'-^-/^' 


LARAUU:. 


AKXIAL  BBPOIIT  18S»    H.«7 


NON-MAElNi:    FOSSII,    MOMJ  ,SCA. 


133 


''    J? 


KlG. 

I'Ki. 

I'Ki. 
I'IG. 

Via. 


Tin. 
Fid. 


Km. 
Fio. 
Fi(i. 
Fi(i. 
Fi(i. 


Fio. 


Fio. 


Fi(i. 
Fuj. 


Fio. 
Fi(i. 


Fio 
Fig, 
Fio, 


Fia. 


Fio. 


I'LA'Ji;  JT.     l.AIJAJIli:. 
Campeloma  ..lui.Tii.iNjcATA  Mei-k  &  Huydi-ii.    (P.ige  o:».) 
I.  Copy  of  Mei'k's  oiiffin.'il  (i«uic. 

.    •-'.   l-.tk..al  yimv  ,,!■  „   1..,^..,.  ..x.nnpl..,  showing  a  slij;ht   angularii.v  at  tl...  .listal 
side  III   Ihi'  ljirj;i'i'  voliiiions. 
:i.   <)[i|Misitc  view  of  tli(.  siiiiic. 

'•   l.^.>..,„l  virwof  ano.h.T  ,.x,n,M,|,..  h.ninir  tl,..  «.;^n,I„iit,va  lil.l..  more  .lisiinrt 
•'.   l-at..ral  v,.-a  ol  nnoil,,.,.  ..x,,,,,,,],,  ,„„!„■;  t),..  „nj,M>l„r,t.v  .lis.inrt  au.l  pru.i.i- 

li.   l-ni).inriil  .showing  (h,.  ap.-rhiiv,  i,,,.!  proniin..„t  aiigulHiiiy. 
'.   l.iUcnil  view  of  ,1,1  cxaiMph'  fn.ni  Crow  Cicck,  Coloia.h) 

F.g.s.  -.Mi  Miv  r,o,„  in,.  v„ll...v  oflh,.  VHlou.sio,,,..  .Montana,     (All  uatnraUize.) 

Camim;i.oma  VKTii.A  M.  A  11.    (I'agoU:!.) 

^   1-atcial  view  of  Ih,.  |\|„.  siKcinwii  of  .Mock  A   llav.h'n. 
!•.  Opposite  view  of  111,,  same,  iiatniai  size. 

ViVIPARL-S  l.K.vi    M.  A,  II.     (I'ag,.  01.) 

10.  Lateral  view  of  a  largo  cxamplo. 

11.  ()ppo,sit(>  view  of  the  .sainr. 
1-'.   I.ati'ial  view  of  another  <x,iniplu. 
I:'.  t)ppo.site  view  of  the  .same. 

"■;:ur;:':::rX7"""""^ """" '""^' ""'"""-"• 

C,v.>ipi:i.(,MA  .Min.Ti.sriii.viA  Jl.  &  II.     (Pagelili.) 
ir>.  Copy  of  Meek's  original  ligiMV. 

rr.ANounr.s  coxvomtl-s  M.  &  II.     (I'age.ll.) 
H>.   Upp...  ,.,W,  an,.  ..eriphera,  v -s  of  „.,.  ,,,..  s;.. f  ...-ek  ^  „ay- 

1'I..VX.,KM1,S   (liATIlYOMPUALr.S)   IT.A.N„,„.VVI.:.Xl  s    .M.   A    II.      (I'age41.) 

n.   I  j.per  Men  ,.f  the  typ,.  sp..ei„„.„  ,„■  M..,.k  A  Ilay.len,  nalnral  size. 
1".   I  enphi'ial  view  of  the  .same.     Afler  .MimU. 

ri.AX(.lilll,s   (li.Vn£V,)MIMlAI.r.s)   AMPl.KXfS    M.  A    li.      (I'ag,.  ,11.) 

W.   i:pper  view  of  the  typ..  s| imeii  of  .M,.,.l<  A  ll,^,!..,,.  „„„,„|  ,|,^ 

Jl.   I  n,l..r  VM'w  ,.(  thi'sani,",  ,.|,large.l.     Afl.'r  M.M'k. 

PLAN0KBI8   (BATIIVO.MPIIAMS)   KAXA1.i:n.s1,s   White.      (I'age  41.) 

21.  Upiier  vi(nv,  natural  Nize. 

aa.  Under  view  of  tho  same  example. 

23.  Peiipheral  view  of  tho  sumo  example. 

Valvata  ?  .MoxTAXAExsis  M.ok.     (Page  64.) 

24.  Outline  views,  onlnrgod.     After  Meek. 

Valvata  SUBU.MBIUCATA  M.  &  II.    (Page  04.) 


184  NON-MAKINK    FOSSIli    MOI.LUSCA. 

HvALixAr  KVANsi  Mcok  &  Haj'iUu.    (Paj;o4C.) 

FlO.  -JiJ.  Outline  views,  cnliirgod.     After  Mook. 

IlYAi.iNAf  oc'OII>i:ntaus  M.  it  11.    (I'aK«  "tC'.) 

» 

Fio.  -n.  Vi<\>vv,  uiuUt,  ami  pi'iiplu'ral  views  (if  the  tyite-speeiiiieti  of  Meek  &  Ha.v- 
tleu.     After  Meek. 

Helix?  vktista  M.  &  II.    (I'afielf.) 

Kill.  art.  Apertiiral    and   opposite  views   of  the  t,vpe-si>e<iiiu'ii  of  Meek  A    Ilayileii: 
uatiiral  size.     After  Meek. 

Helix  kvan8T»)xi:x8I8  VVliito.    (l'a};e4H.) 

Fig.  )K>.  Lateral  view,  eiilarjied. 

Fui.  ;!0.  Opposite  view  of  tlio  same  example. 

Fig.  :tl.   I'mler  view  of  the  same  examjile. 

ViTiHXA  onLlQiA  M.  &  H.     (I'ajie4(').) 

Fig.  aa.  Lateral  view  of  type  speeimeii  of  Meek  A  llaytleii,  iialitral  size, 
Fio.  33.  Apical  view  of  the  same.     After  Meek. 

QONlOBASlsf  sunToitTi'OSA  M.  &  H.    (Page.")7.) 

FlO.  34.  Apertural  and  opposite  viewsof  the  type  specimen  of  Meek  &  Hayden,  uatnral 
size.    After  Meek. 

IlYDUoiilA  UTAiiE.NSl.s  W.     (Page  CO.) 

Fio.  35.  Lateral  view,  enlarged. 

Hyduobia  suiicoxiCA  Jleek.     (Page  .59.) 

Fig.  3C.  Outline  lateral  view,  enlarged;  copy  of  Meek's  original  tigure. 

Hydroiua?  e'limoidks  M.     (Page  ."lit.) 

Fig.  37.  Ontlinc  lateral  view,  enlarged;  copy  of  Meek's  original  lignre. 

llYnisoniA  KECTA  \V.     (PagetiO.) 

Fig.  38.  Lateral  viewsof  two  fragments,  enlarged. 

HYDitoniA  AxriioNYi  M.  A  II.     (Page  59.) 

Fio.  39.  Lateral  view,  natural  size  and  enlarged.     After  Meek. 

HYDIlOniA  WAIiltENANA   M.  A  II.      (Page  59.) 

Fio.  40.  Lateral  view,  natnral  size  and  enlarged.    After  Meek. 


136 


NON-MAl.INK    I-OSSIL    MoLLUSt'A. 


f 


I  ■ 

i 


I'lO 
I'Ki. 


I'Ki. 


I'm. 
Tic. 


I'm. 
liu. 

I'IG. 


rio. 


Fig. 
Fio. 


PLATK  'iH.     KOCKNli. 
llMO  CI. lxi)l'lsiiu-»  While      (I'lijiu  iif.) 

I.  Loft  »i<lf  vii'w,  iiiiluiiil  sizi'. 
'.i.  lUuHiil  vii'W  dl'llu'  .siinii'. 

I'xm  siiosii(>Ni:\«is  \V.     ( I'li^f 'J'.>. ) 

:i.   I.i't't  nkIc  virw,  iintuiiil  si/.c'. 

Vsio  ii.\Yi>r.xi  Mi'i'k.    (I'll';!' ','".».) 

■I.    Ki.nlll  side  view.  lliltllTill  si/.r. 

.'i.    LrCt  sidr  \  irxv  iil  a  Hiiuillrr  csaiiiiilf. 

Ixio  \v.\sil,VMi-.\sis  .\l.     (Piinn -.iO.) 

II.  l.cl'l  nidi-  virw,  iiiitiiral  size. 

7.    Iv'ijilil  .side  \  icw  cita  saiidslipiu'  i;\s\. 

H.    liiteriiir  view  oi  a  IVagiiinit  crl'a  riylii  valve. 

I'Sio  ■ri;i,l,INnii>r..>i  Hall.     (l'aKe29.) 

'.t.  ('"liy  i>f  Hall's  (iriniiial  lifjiire. 

I'LAXOHIIIS   ((iYHAlMSl    MII.H  AUI.s  W  .      (Page   II.) 

10.  Upper  view,  enlarged. 

11.  Under  view  ol  tlie  Maine  exain|di'. 


Fig. 
Fig. 


Fig. 


Fig. 


BYTIIIXKI.I.A  (ilEI-.GAUIA  M.      (PagefiO.) 

Vi.  Lateral  view,  eiilargeil. 
i:?.  Opposite  vii'W  (if  the  same. 

lifl.i.Mis  ri.dlilDANis  Cciiirud.     (Paj{e4H.) 

14.  Copy  of  Conrad's  orijiiiial  ligiire. 

.Mi-.i.AXiA  t:i.Aiin>ii.\i:xsis  Heilpiin.     (Pim*'  .')4.) 

l.'S.  Lateral  view,  nnicli  enlarged,  together  with  an  ont  line  of  iialiiral  size.    After 
Hcilprin. 


('.«.  (ir.iii.iiiiiiwi.  sritVFY 


ANWM.  iiF.V'iirr  /vs.'   ri.M 
I 


KOCENK. 


13H  N(»N-MAIflNi:    lO.sSll,    MULLUHCA. 

PLATK  '->!•.     KOCKNK. 

Pl.ANoiiiiis  ITAIIINMS  Mtck.     (PttKe41.) 

I'Ki.    I.   I'liiicr  view,  imliir;il -i/.i'. 

l'l(..     '.'.    I  inli'i'  virw  111    llii' saiiir  ■•xiMllpli'. 

lit:.    :(.   I'niiilu'iiil  vii'W  111   lIn'Minir.     Al'lrr  Mi-i'k. 

I'l  WUIIIUS    I    lAIII.NMlS  Mir,  S1'KC1A.",1I.I«  M.      (Pilgo  41.) 

1  II,.     1     I  iiprr  \  iiw  ,  m;iiiii:i1  si/.i'. 

In;.     .,.    I  lull  I  viin  III   lllr  Millie  cNniiilili'. 

rni.    li.   rrri|itMT.il  iinlliiir  111'  ihi' Miiiiii'.     AIht  Meek, 

l'i..\Ni>i!lil.><  (lltliAll's  While.     (Pft)?o4'i.) 
Kid.    T.   rpliev.  iiniler,  iiml  |.eri|.;ieriil  vii'\v«,  eiiliirj{i'il. 

I'l.AMiiilils  .Kijl-AMH  \V.     (Patjel'i.) 

I'Ki.s,  .-^  mill  i>,   liider  iiiiil  iieriplieriil  view,-*,  eiiliiined. 
I'ld.  111.    Ipiier  \ie\v  111' ii  siiiiillerexuiniile,  eliliUKeil. 

(All  me  iliipeireet,  mill  l>ell'eel  lulllll  exiliniileH  lire  .loillitU'HS  lttrj{«r.) 
IlKI.IX    IM-.UII'UKlllA    \V,      (PllKO't'J,) 

I'm,  11.   I.alenil  view,  iniliiiiil  wize. 
I''l(i.  I'J.  Opiiii.site  view  111' tlie  siiliie. 

lli'.i.ix  nn'AitiA  W,    (PaK»'4<.).) 

I'Ki,  l:i,   l.aliiiil  view,  iiatiiiai  sm\ 

V'Ki.  14.  OinioNite  view  ol'llie  same  e\aiii|>1e. 

I'ri'A  iNtoi.ATA  \V.     (PaKef)!).) 

I'm.  l.'i.    Lateral  view,  eiilar;{eil. 

Km,  1(1.  0|ipiisile  view  iil"  llie  .same  example,  .sliiiw  iiij{  the  npertnre. 

Kio.  17,  View  (if  the  same,  sluiwiiij;  ihe  eil;;e  ol'lhe  outer  lip. 

Pri'A    ATAVI-NITI  A    \V.      {Pajiefid.) 

I'm,  IH.  Ijateral  view,  enlarj;'  <!• 

I'lTA  Aitr.Nii.A  \V.     (l'aj,'e  r>0.) 
KiG.  11>.  Two  lateral  views  of  the  I  \  pe  spe;  miiiii.     The  rim  of  the  niiprtnrc  has  beeu 
liroUeii  olV, 
'  Ll.MN.llA  siMll.ls  M.     (l'aKe:!ll.) 

I'm.  '.iO.  T.aleral  view,  eiilar;:eil. 

Kio.  'ii.  Opposite  view  of  Ihe  same.     Afler  MeeU. 

LiMX.KA   \l'.risiA   M.     ( I 'a;;e  :!',).■) 

Km,  •,"J,    l.iileial  view,  iialiiial  siye. 

Km,  -i'-i.  (tpjiosile  view  of  iiiiolliei-  isainple,  a  lillle  enlarged.     After  \.'eek. 

LiMN.KA    MIMSCI   I.A    W  .       (  PtlKe    10.) 

Km.  '-it.   I.aleral  view,  eiilaru'efl. 

Km,  'id,  Opixisile  view  of  I  lie  saiije  ixample. 

.SrCCINKA   iltlACIIVSI'lllA)    l-AriLMSPlltA    \V.      (Prtpl  51.) 

I'm.  -Jli.  Tlir.'e  vii^ws  of  separate  eN.iiiiples.  iialiiral  size,  from  Kutta-pcrcha  easts  in 

iialiiral  mollis. 

AxiiKo.MA   nm  ilMArA  ronniil.     (l'!in<"  711.) 
Kl<i.  'i7.  L.Tteral  view,  iiatinal  si/e,  fiom  an  example  lielieved  to  have  l>een  Conrad's 

type  speeiliK'l). 
KiG.  'i>*.  Dorsal  view  of  the  same,     Tlie  true  neolofjienl  a^e  of  this  species  is.not  cer- 

tttiiily  known,  but  it  is  lielieved  to  lie  Koceiio. 


V.B.aEOLOaiOAL  HVIIVHr 


A&SrAL  HKPuJtT  tSSt    PI.  t9 


24.        I 

EOCENE 


140 


NUN-MAUINE    l'U881L    MOLLIJSCA. 


pr.ATK  :«•.     KOC'KNB. 

MaiUiKYII.IS  •.I'ATKISA    Mi'i'k  iV   llikyilcii.      (I*nni«40.) 

I'lti.  1.    r|i|Pi'r  view  .  iiiiliil'ill  xi/r. 

I'Ki.  •.'.    l,;ili'lill  \ii'»  111   lllc  silllli' I'XIIinpli'. 

l-'Ki.  :;.   I'liiU'r  \  icu  111'  llii' iiiiiir.  all  iiiiliiriil  size.     MiiT  Meek. 

HkMX  !  viTDliNA  M.  A  II.     il'iine  IH.) 

I'KiS.  1  mill  .'i.  ('<i|iics  (vC  Mi'cli's  ciiiiliiii' liniiri's. 

I'llYSA    ri.KIKlMATI.S  Whit«<.      (Pat{<'lt.) 

I'm.  (>.   l.iilii.il  view  III'  ivpr  KiuMiincii. 

I'm.  7    OiipiiNiir  \i(\v  111  a  Jarjiir  i'.\inii|>l<'.  »  li"l''  •lixlmiril,   pn.lialily  iMfloiiKliiK  to 

lliis  species. 
I'll:    *.    l'iay;iiieiit  nl'  a  very  Ijirye  I'xample,  lielieved  In  lielniid  In  lllin  Hp<>cii-S. 
(All  natural  sizi'.  i 

Hil   SA  niiii)OKitr.X(*l.H  Meek.     (l'HKe44.) 

I'lfi.    '.•.   I.aleral  viiw,  iiatinul  .size. 

I'm.  Ill,  Oppiisili'  view  (iC  a  more  iiilmst  I'Xiiinple. 

Vivii'AiM'.s  I'Ai.rmN.KroKMis  IIhII.     (Piine<W.) 

l"l(i.  11.    I.Mleral  view,  iialiiiiil  size. 
I'Kl.  I'J.   Opposite  view  ol'  I  In-  same. 

Vivii'Aisr.s  wvoMiNOKNSis  M.     (Page  62.) 

I'm.  1.!.  I<uleral  view,  iiatiiial  hIz«. 
l'"l(i.  II.  OppoHlte  view  of  tilt;  same. 


V.H.  IIKOI.iinlCM,  SI  IIIKY 


ANSI   II.  lllrollT  llti    VI.  30 


EOCENE. 


142 


KON-MAUIKE    I'OSSIL    MOLLUSCA. 


;^vj>i 


O' 


PLATK  :U. 

All  the  foiiiiN  reprt'wiitod  <iii  thin  \)\»tt'  ofiiir  in  tin-  livHli-watcr  Eoconc  depoKits  of 
Wvoiniiijj;,  Ciilorado,  iind  Utiih;  and  all  art;  lu'licvcd  to  Im^  };•""'' ''"'".V  'fliit'''!'  Tlicy 
liiivc  liron  dt'scribed  It.v  diH'ci-i'nt  authors  uiKiri-  six  rrs|ifftivr  nanirs,  accdi'diiij;  to  llir 
variation  of  oinaiii«'utation  and  form.     'Sw  iiMnaiks  on  |>n;;i'  ."iS.) 

Fijt.t.  1,  '<!,  and  :i  may  Ix'  ici^ardcd  as  reprcscntint;  the  (IniiiuliOKin  Himiimiiii  of  Mrrk ; 
rif^H.  5,  10,  \-i,  n\u\  otlu'is,  C.  ttnira  Hall;  l''if;s.  U,  15,  ^(t,  iind  ollicrs,  (,'.  iimliilij'ero 
Mcrk  ;  Fiy;s.  lit,  ar>,  2ri,  and  others,  (!.  lartiii  (.'oniad;  and  Kijjs.  'Jll  and  :!(),  <!.  toliimiiiiii 
Wliitc.  Kit;.  :il  in  a  copy  of  Mci'k's  li{{uri'  of  '.'.  iiiflii,  wliicli  he  linally  rt'jjardtMl  as 
only  a  variety  of  his  G.  oiiH^Moni.  It,  is  however,  very  like  a  fonii  which  occurs  iu  the 
Larumio  beds  of  Hear  River  Valley  in  Soi:thw<'stern  Wyoming. 


I 


''■m:    . 


1.8.  (iKomnicAi,  sriivnr 


A\SVALHEP0HTt8Hi    I'm 


KOCENE. 


V.  S.  GEOLOait'AL  SIRYEY 


ASSVAL  KEPOBT  ISM    «.  31 


1> 


\^  ^ ^' 


MIOCENK  AND  PLIOCENE f 


NON-MAHINK    I'Os.sn,    MOLUJSCA. 


143 


PLATK  :f.'.     .\II()(].;m.;  aM>  I'MOCENET 
Mui.AMA  siTi.i'ni.is  .M.M'k.    (l'ii),'o55.) 
Fig.    I.  Laterul  vitev,  imtiinil  hI/c.     AII.t  Meek. 

Mki.ama  si  itscii.i'iii.iM  M.     (l*iif{0  55.) 
Fig.    a.  Latenil  virw,  mitiiial  .size.    Aft.M-  M.'ok. 

Mki.ama  tavi.ohi  (ijihl).     (Pu{re55.) 
Fig.    3.  Lftteral  view,  natiiiul  xw.v.    Aftor  (ial.h. 

l.rriiAsiA  AMKiiA  G.     (I'liye.'-)!).) 
Fig.    .1.  Lateral  vi.nv.  «l„.wi„fr  th.  a,M.,i,„v.  ,m.„n,l  si.,..     After  Gabh. 

(•aiii.mi.i.;.\  (Vonri,„,Kx)  Mssv.\t  M.     (Page  42.) 
FUi.    ."..   halrrul  virw,  natural  six...  Hl,owi„K  the  aiMr.ii.v 
Hg.    t,.    I-PIXT  view  „f  the  saimrxanii.l...      After  Meek. 

(•AHiMn:\  (VouriiiiKX)  rnvoxi  m,     ( I'ajre  tJ. ) 

Flo.    7.   I,al,.ral  view,  natural  si.e.  showing  ,h..  aperture. 
IK..     M.    I  I'l"'!' View  of  tlie. same  example. 
I'Ki.    !'.    Uliaer  vi..woftliesa After  Meek. 

ANCYi.rs  ixi>ii.ATi-N  .M.     (I'atje4.-..) 
I'Ki.  10.   i;,,,,„r  vi..w  ami  lateral  ..utiiue.  natural  size.     After  Meek. 
.•<l'll.lii!u;.M   l!i  .iusi'.M    M.     (I'a;;..  :!(. ) 

F.O.  M.   A,,  example  of  m.t  ,e  adult  size.  eMh.>^e,l  ,  wo  .liatne.ers. 

IK..  U'.   A  lartrrr  example,  e.ilarKe.l  t  wo  diameters 

I'Ki.  l:i.    Outline  «h,.>viu«  the  eonvrxit;   of  the  valves.     Af(..r  Meek. 

:     <  '  Sl'llA;itii;.\i  ii)Aii<)K.V8i.:  Jr.     (l'ai,r,.  ;!|.) 

Fig.  M.  An  imperfeet  exaiupN.,  milnral  size. 

I'IG.  ir,.  Outline  sliowin^r  ,|,e  eonvxity  of  the  valves.     Affr  Meek. 

I'l.ANoKi.is  xv.rvxvvs  Meek  A  lla.vd.u.     (!'a-e  |-.<.) 
Fig.  1(1.   IIii.lo,.  view,  natural  size. 

Fig.  17.   Upper  view  ..f  the  .sa xampl...  enlar 

MG.  IH.  Peripheral  view  of  the  same.  ,„„„.  ,.nlai^r,.,l.     Afler  .Meek. 

I'l.A.Noiiius  i.i:ii,vi  M.  A-  II.     (l'a;r,.  42.) 
I'IG.  l!>.   Tpper  view,  natural  size. 

Fig.  ^n.   IVripl.eral  view  ofthe  same,  enlarged.  showiu«  .1 pertnre 

I'IG.-.JI.   l-.uler  view  of  the  .same,  le.ss  enlarge,!.     Afler  M..,.k.  ' 

PLAXoitiiis  m.;bi.asc.cnsis  Kvans  &  Shumard.     (PaK,.4-.>.) 
Fig.  aa.  Upper  viuw,  uiituial  siz...  * 

Flo.2;i.  IVripheral  view  of  tho  same,  enlarged.     After  Meek. 


144  no.n-makim;  fossil  molliksca. 

Planouuis  UNAiA  C'lmiiKl.    (Fagc  12.) 

FiG.s.  "i-l  ami  •<;.').  t'opicM  ol'  Coiiriur^iiiifiiiiiil  liKnriM. 

Lm.N.KA  mi:i;kii  Kvaiis  A  Slmuiiinl.     (l^m;i'40.) 

I'lii.  'Jti.   I.alriiil  virw  111'  a  lar^^i'  cxaiiipli',  iialiual  si/.f. 
I'"iii.  'i'.  Oiiposilv  viiw  tif  a  stnulli  r  f.xaiiiiilc.     Al'li-r  Mick. 

L.l.MN.'liA  sllf.MAia)!   JUi'k  &  Ilavtlcn.     (l^an<'40.) 

Klii.  '-it*.   Lali'ial  view,  iialiii'.il  s'\/a\ 

l''Ui.  "Ji).   Olijiosilt'  view  of  tin/  .saiiu-.     .Viler  Mi'i'k. 

Li.m.n.i;a  ^ruLVuiiYTis)  Ki.Ntiii  .Mcuk.     tHiiK<>40.) 

TuiM.  :!()  ami  M.  Copiub  ul'  Meek'.s  oi'ijriual  ti^iui-s.  iiatiiial  size. 

IIKLIX  UUDYi  Hull  &  Mf.k.     (l^agr4'J. ) 

I'lti.  IW.   Lateral  view,  nalural  si/.t'. 

VlCi.  li.l.  A](ii'al  viow  of  the  same  exaiuile.     .VIIit  Mim'U. 

Hi:l,I.\    (Zo.MTKS)    MAUOI.Ml.DI.A   ('.      (Pa}{ll47.) 

FlO.  :M.  Copy  i)f  Conrad's  iirij.-i.   .1  ligiuv. 

TllYSA   SKCALI.NA    K.  &   S.      (Pu);f44.) 

1"IG.  :i.'i.   l^atiTal  view,  natural  size. 

FlO.  lili.  Opposite  view  of  the  same.     .Vfter  MeeU. 

Latia  dai.lii  While.     (Page  45.) 

I'Ki.  ;>7.  Dorsal  view,  natural  .size. 
I'^Iii.  ;iri.   Lateral  view  of  the  sam<!  e.xaniple. 
FlCt.  :!'.).  Dorsal  view  of  another  example. 

Fio.   III.  Similar  view  of  another  example,  .showing  a  portion  of  the  shell  broken 
away,  revealinjf  the  larjie  lunate  shelf  exteuiliug  forward  from  the  beak. 


INDEX 


Page. 

Auc.vlidie 45 

Anclj  im  iindiilntiiH 45 

Auodoiita .'  niigiiMtatii  is 

AiKiiloiita  ?  cuttHkilli^usis jg 

(li'ciirtiita 7a 

liarallula o;) 

Vri>]iatoi'ii4 23 

Aiioiiiia  Kryplioiliyiicliiis m 

niicronoiiia m 

pi'opaturis jo 

Anuiiiiidffi 15 

AnUiracopujia  oliiocnnia r,y 

Arioiiida' ^g 

A  iiriculidii- .,7 

Diiliimia  tloiidaniis 4^, 

Uuliiius  atavus 44 

disjunc'tua  4c, 

l<)Il^ill8Cll!ll8 4.-, 

rlioiuboidiMia 45 

Hiildongatns 44 

Bytiiint'lla  Kregnria on 

'  'iiiiiiieloiiia  nitti'icmpim on 

iimltilmi'atu c;i 

Miiiltistiiattt (j3 

prudiic'ta (;;j 

vetiila ((.') 

Caiiiiil'cx  (Voitii'ifcx)  biiiiicyi r> 

tl'V<lui 40 

Ca88i»pella  tuiiiiiila r,8 

Ceripbnsidiia) sq 

Ceritliidea  (  ucbraHccusia --,7 

Ccritliild.i'  ..| 

('olu  una  ti-res 4^ 

verink'iila 43 

Concbifcia 14 

Couiad,  T.  A.,  deaciiptiou  of  fossil  Uiiiouca  7;| 

Coibieiila  uiigbcyi .i.i 

beitboudi :|o 

olebiiiui 31 

cytberiformis .ii 

ncbiasccusis ;)i 

obesa m 

occidentalia .'ji 

siibi'lliptira m 

iimboiiuUa ;i2 


I'aKo. 

Coibieula  (Lcptfstbis)  caidiuaforiiiia. ...  31 

Iraita 33 

iiiaciopistha 31 

plaiiuinboua 31 

(Vcloiitinn)  durkeci 31 

Corbiilaiiassatflllloiiiiis 3 

I'Ujrb'iuaiiiii 3fl 

laactriformi.s   3tj 

ptTiuidata 3(j 

pyrilbrniis 35 

aubti'i);oiialis 38 

1 1  upiilophoia 38 

iiiidiri'ia  3(j 

var.  subiuidil'cra 38 

C'oi'bulidaj 35 

Cyroiia  luiUioui '.n, 

dakoti'usis 3^ 

Cyruiitd;t' ..y 

Dawsouolla  niwiki 47 

fiasteropoda 37 

tii'iieral  diseuasbiu -,3 

Goniobasisai'cta 5^ 

""•ttTi 58 

chiysalis    55 

iliryab       dea 58 

di^bui'iii r,8 

col  tuni  Ills 5y 

con  voxa 57 

var.  Irupressa 57 

cndlicbi 57 

Kimllenta 57 

inreuiista 57 

luacllciita 58 

la'orasci'Usis  57 

iiodiiMti'ia 5g 

.' oiuittn 57 

^tiiiipsoni 5g 

Hubla'vis 57 

/  Hiibtortiioaa 57 

touera 53 

tcmiioariuata 57 

llolieitUo 4^ 

Heli  X  c vauatoiicusia 4^ 

kaiiabisusis 4^ 

lobly  i ^ 

t 


II 


INDEX. 


Page.    I 

Uultx  purlplici'iit 49 

ripnria 49  | 

?  vctorim  48  j 

?Vl'tll8tll 48 

(ZonitCH)  inai'ginii'olu 47 

H.VBlina  ?  eviiiiHi 46 

urcidontalis 64  j 

Uyili'iibia  aiitlumy  i B9 

?  unliiii(»ii1eH 50  i 

recta 60 

subeoiik'a 59  ; 

utalieUHiH tiO 

warreiiaua SO 

lutroiluctory  leiiiarkg 5 

Latiartallii 45  ; 

Lea,  Ur.  Ixaacdesmptiouof  fussiiriiiuiiM  72  i 

Liinniea  ( Aeella)  liaUleinani <tO 

f  I'oiiipaetlHH HO  i 

(Liiun<>pliyBa)nitiduIn :<0  ' 

nu'ekii 40 

iiiimiacula 40 

(Polyrhytis)  kiugii 40 

shiinini'ili 4U 

situilla 30 

Tetiista 30 

Llimialilie 38  ' 

Linplacoilca  vuteruiis 60 

List  of  speoiea 66 

LitUasia  auti(|ua 50 

Macroeyelia  apatioaa 40 

Margaiitauanebraaeiuaia lil 

Molaiiipua  I  aiitlquiis 38 

Melauia  claiboriiensU 54 

tlecuran 73 

iuaciilpta 54 

Hciilptilis 55 

Hubseiilptilia 55 

taylori 55 

wyoDiiugeuaiM 54 

Melauiida' 53 

Melauopaia  aiiierieana 55 

Micropyrgiia  miuutuhia 50 

Moi'tuD,  Dr.  S.   G.,  description  of  i'ossil 

Uiiioues 72 

Mytilida' 17 

Naladites  earbonaria 10 

eloiigata 10 

lujvis 19 

Nerltldiu 51 

Nerit  ilia  baunisteii 52 

briiDeri 53 

naticiformis 52 

nebrascensis 51 

(Velatella)  baptista 62 

bellaliila 52 

carditoides 52 

volviliiieata 52 

Oatrea  glabra 15 

subtilgoualis 16 

Oatreidib 14 

Pbyaa  bridgcrensia 44 

carletoni 43 

copei '.  44 

felix 44 


Pliysa  plurcmatia 

aecaliim 

Pliyaidu^ 

Piaiditini  ar.ginatum 

Pisidiidie 

Flaiini'biii  »'(|ualis 

tUatliyoiiiplialiiHlainplexiiH 

kannlieiisis 

plaiiot'OiivexuH. 

eii'1'atii.H   

poiivoliitUH 

((lyrauliin)  iiiilitariM 

leiilyi 

Iiiuata 

iiebraaeeiiHiH 

utabeiisig 

var.  spectal>ilia 

veterlillM 

vetiistUH 

(I'lemoliniiia'a)  tciiiiieoatata 

Pupa  areiiuin 

ataviinciibi. 

Itigsltyi 

ioeolatn 

veriiiillioiieuais 

vetusta  

Piipida' 

Prygulifera  liiiiiierosa 

Rltytoplioriis  nieekii 

.  priseas 

Ris.Hoidie 

Splia'i'iuiu  foriiioitiiiii 

idaboenso 

planiini    

rccticaidinale 

rugosiini 

siibelliptieuiii 

Strophitcs  graiidieva 

Suceinea  (Braebyspira)  papilUspira 

Sueeiiiida:   

Spurious  aud  doubtful  spceies 

'rimuiiiastus  liniua'iforiuis 

Tulotoina  tbouipaoui 

Uuioclavua 

I  aldriclii 

I  bulliplieatua 

brac1iyoi>istbu» 

clinopistliiis  

I  coucsii 

I  crlatoueuaig 

j  eryptorbyucbus 

deweyauiig 

I  vndliulil 

gouiaiiibouatua 

I  goinoiiotus 

haydeni 

Iiolniefliauus 

j  bubbardi 

inendax 

nuealis 

pcuultlniuB 

primaivus 

priscuB 

proavitus 


I'age. 
44 

44 

43 

34 

34 

42 

41 

41 

41 

42 

41 

41 

42 

42 

42 

41 

41 

40 

42 

30 

M 

50 

50 

50 

SO 

50 

49 

54 

38 

38 

50 

33 

34 

33 

33 

34 

33 

40 

51 

51 

72 

48 

01 

25 

27 

24 


26 

10 

2S 

25 

26 

27 

27 

29 

27 

21 

27 

20 

21 

26 

20 

27 


INDEX. 


Ill 


Page, 

UlIo  prophettciis gj 

•enectus ^o 

tboibonentiis 29 

•tewai-di OQ 

■iibrtpatulatui 25 

tellionoldpD 2g 

TetllBtllH 2^ 

waHliHkienBlfi " ' "  oj, 

Uiioiiidnt r. 

ValvaJa  ?  iiiautaua«ugia 94 

anna 04 

•oahrida ^4 

aubnmbillcata ti 

Valvatlihu ^ 

Viviparidio 60 

Viriparua  couradi '..'  gj 

coueaii jj  i 

Xilllaiiug gg 


Paffe, 

Vlvipanit  leal .. 

leldyl ;."."!.";.'.;.  01 

var.  formo8ua gj 

paludiun'fonuU gj 

pant(ult<!lienata gi 

peciiliaria gj 

lilicapresaua g| 

prudentlua g] 

retiiaiiH gj 

royiiuldalanus gj 

trocbiformia g  j 

wyoniingenalH g* 

Vitriiia  obliqua .1 

Vitrlnldm .^........".^  4g 

Volaella  (Bracbydontea)  latlooaUfa  . . . . . .  17 

regularls 17 

Wbite,  report  of . 

Zonites  priaciiB 4^ 


